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two_qubit_to_sqrt_iswap.py
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two_qubit_to_sqrt_iswap.py
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# Copyright 2022 The Cirq Developers
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""Utility methods for decomposing two-qubit unitaries into sqrt-iSWAP gates.
References:
Towards ultra-high fidelity quantum operations: SQiSW gate as a native
two-qubit gate
https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.06074
"""
from typing import Optional, Sequence, Tuple, TYPE_CHECKING
import numpy as np
import sympy
from cirq import circuits, ops, linalg, protocols
from cirq.transformers.analytical_decompositions import single_qubit_decompositions
from cirq.transformers.merge_single_qubit_gates import merge_single_qubit_gates_to_phxz
if TYPE_CHECKING:
import cirq
def parameterized_2q_op_to_sqrt_iswap_operations(
op: 'cirq.Operation', *, use_sqrt_iswap_inv: bool = False
) -> protocols.decompose_protocol.DecomposeResult:
"""Tries to decompose a parameterized 2q operation into √iSWAP's + parameterized 1q rotations.
Currently only supports decomposing the following gates:
a) `cirq.CZPowGate`
b) `cirq.SwapPowGate`
c) `cirq.ISwapPowGate`
d) `cirq.FSimGate`
Args:
op: Parameterized two qubit operation to be decomposed into sqrt-iswaps.
use_sqrt_iswap_inv: If True, `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP_INV` is used as the target 2q gate, instead
of `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP`.
Returns:
A parameterized `cirq.OP_TREE` implementing `op` using only `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP`
(or `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP_INV`) and parameterized single qubit rotations OR
None or NotImplemented if decomposition of `op` is not known.
"""
gate = op.gate
q0, q1 = op.qubits
if isinstance(gate, ops.CZPowGate):
return _cphase_symbols_to_sqrt_iswap(q0, q1, gate.exponent, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
if isinstance(gate, ops.SwapPowGate):
return _swap_symbols_to_sqrt_iswap(q0, q1, gate.exponent, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
if isinstance(gate, ops.ISwapPowGate):
return _iswap_symbols_to_sqrt_iswap(q0, q1, gate.exponent, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
if isinstance(gate, ops.FSimGate):
return _fsim_symbols_to_sqrt_iswap(q0, q1, gate.theta, gate.phi, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
return NotImplemented
def _sqrt_iswap_inv(
a: 'cirq.Qid', b: 'cirq.Qid', use_sqrt_iswap_inv: bool = True
) -> 'cirq.OP_TREE':
"""Optree implementing `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP_INV(a, b)` using √iSWAPs.
Args:
a: The first qubit.
b: The second qubit.
use_sqrt_iswap_inv: If True, `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP_INV` is used instead of `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP`.
Returns:
`cirq.SQRT_ISWAP_INV(a, b)` or equivalent unitary implemented using `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP`.
"""
return (
ops.SQRT_ISWAP_INV(a, b)
if use_sqrt_iswap_inv
else [ops.Z(a), ops.SQRT_ISWAP(a, b), ops.Z(a)]
)
def _cphase_symbols_to_sqrt_iswap(
a: 'cirq.Qid', b: 'cirq.Qid', turns: 'cirq.TParamVal', use_sqrt_iswap_inv: bool = True
):
"""Implements `cirq.CZ(a, b) ** turns` using two √iSWAPs and single qubit rotations.
Output unitary:
[[1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 0, g]]
where:
g = exp(i·π·t).
Args:
a: The first qubit.
b: The second qubit.
turns: The rotational angle (t) that specifies the gate, where
g = exp(i·π·t/2).
use_sqrt_iswap_inv: If True, `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP_INV` is used instead of `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP`.
Yields:
A `cirq.OP_TREE` representing the decomposition.
"""
theta = sympy.Mod(turns, 2.0) * sympy.pi
# -1 if theta > pi. Adds a hacky fudge factor so theta=pi is not 0
sign = sympy.sign(sympy.pi - theta + 1e-9)
# For sign = 1: theta. For sign = -1, 2pi-theta
theta_prime = (sympy.pi - sign * sympy.pi) + sign * theta
phi = sympy.asin(np.sqrt(2) * sympy.sin(theta_prime / 4))
xi = sympy.atan(sympy.tan(phi) / np.sqrt(2))
yield ops.rz(sign * 0.5 * theta_prime).on(a)
yield ops.rz(sign * 0.5 * theta_prime).on(b)
yield ops.rx(xi).on(a)
yield ops.X(b) ** (-sign * 0.5)
yield _sqrt_iswap_inv(a, b, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
yield ops.rx(-2 * phi).on(a)
yield ops.Z(a)
yield _sqrt_iswap_inv(a, b, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
yield ops.Z(a)
yield ops.rx(xi).on(a)
yield ops.X(b) ** (sign * 0.5)
def _swap_symbols_to_sqrt_iswap(
a: 'cirq.Qid', b: 'cirq.Qid', turns: 'cirq.TParamVal', use_sqrt_iswap_inv: bool = True
):
"""Implements `cirq.SWAP(a, b) ** turns` using two √iSWAPs and single qubit rotations.
Output unitary:
[[1, 0, 0, 0],
[0, g·c, -i·g·s, 0],
[0, -i·g·s, g·c, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1]]
where:
c = cos(π·t/2), s = sin(π·t/2), g = exp(i·π·t/2).
Args:
a: The first qubit.
b: The second qubit.
turns: The rotational angle (t) that specifies the gate, where
c = cos(π·t/2), s = sin(π·t/2), g = exp(i·π·t/2).
use_sqrt_iswap_inv: If True, `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP_INV` is used instead of `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP`.
Yields:
A `cirq.OP_TREE` representing the decomposition.
"""
yield ops.Z(a) ** 1.25
yield ops.Z(b) ** -0.25
yield _sqrt_iswap_inv(a, b, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
yield ops.Z(a) ** (-turns / 2 + 1)
yield ops.Z(b) ** (turns / 2)
yield _sqrt_iswap_inv(a, b, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
yield ops.Z(a) ** (turns / 2 - 0.25)
yield ops.Z(b) ** (turns / 2 + 0.25)
yield _cphase_symbols_to_sqrt_iswap(a, b, -turns, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
def _iswap_symbols_to_sqrt_iswap(
a: 'cirq.Qid', b: 'cirq.Qid', turns: 'cirq.TParamVal', use_sqrt_iswap_inv: bool = True
):
"""Implements `cirq.ISWAP(a, b) ** turns` using two √iSWAPs and single qubit rotations.
Output unitary:
[[1 0 0 0],
[0 c is 0],
[0 is c 0],
[0 0 0 1]]
where c = cos(π·t/2), s = sin(π·t/2).
Args:
a: The first qubit.
b: The second qubit.
turns: The rotational angle (t) that specifies the gate, where
c = cos(π·t/2), s = sin(π·t/2).
use_sqrt_iswap_inv: If True, `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP_INV` is used instead of `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP`.
Yields:
A `cirq.OP_TREE` representing the decomposition.
"""
yield ops.Z(a) ** 0.75
yield ops.Z(b) ** 0.25
yield _sqrt_iswap_inv(a, b, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
yield ops.Z(a) ** (-turns / 2 + 1)
yield ops.Z(b) ** (turns / 2)
yield _sqrt_iswap_inv(a, b, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
yield ops.Z(a) ** 0.25
yield ops.Z(b) ** -0.25
def _fsim_symbols_to_sqrt_iswap(
a: 'cirq.Qid',
b: 'cirq.Qid',
theta: 'cirq.TParamVal',
phi: 'cirq.TParamVal',
use_sqrt_iswap_inv: bool = True,
):
"""Implements `cirq.FSimGate(theta, phi)(a, b)` using two √iSWAPs and single qubit rotations.
FSimGate(θ, φ) = ISWAP**(-2θ/π) CZPowGate(exponent=-φ/π)
Args:
a: The first qubit.
b: The second qubit.
theta: Swap angle on the ``|01⟩`` ``|10⟩`` subspace, in radians.
phi: Controlled phase angle, in radians.
use_sqrt_iswap_inv: If True, `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP_INV` is used instead of `cirq.SQRT_ISWAP`.
Yields:
A `cirq.OP_TREE` representing the decomposition.
"""
if theta != 0.0:
yield _iswap_symbols_to_sqrt_iswap(a, b, -2 * theta / np.pi, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
if phi != 0.0:
yield _cphase_symbols_to_sqrt_iswap(a, b, -phi / np.pi, use_sqrt_iswap_inv)
def two_qubit_matrix_to_sqrt_iswap_operations(
q0: 'cirq.Qid',
q1: 'cirq.Qid',
mat: np.ndarray,
*,
required_sqrt_iswap_count: Optional[int] = None,
use_sqrt_iswap_inv: bool = False,
atol: float = 1e-8,
check_preconditions: bool = True,
clean_operations: bool = False,
) -> Sequence['cirq.Operation']:
"""Decomposes a two-qubit operation into ZPow/XPow/YPow/sqrt-iSWAP gates.
This method uses the KAK decomposition of the matrix to determine how many
sqrt-iSWAP gates are needed and which single-qubit gates to use in between
each sqrt-iSWAP.
All operations can be synthesized with exactly three sqrt-iSWAP gates and
about 79% of operations (randomly chosen under the Haar measure) can also be
synthesized with two sqrt-iSWAP gates. Only special cases locally
equivalent to identity or sqrt-iSWAP can be synthesized with zero or one
sqrt-iSWAP gates respectively. Unless ``required_sqrt_iswap_count`` is
specified, the fewest possible number of sqrt-iSWAP will be used.
Args:
q0: The first qubit being operated on.
q1: The other qubit being operated on.
mat: Defines the operation to apply to the pair of qubits.
required_sqrt_iswap_count: When specified, exactly this many sqrt-iSWAP
gates will be used even if fewer is possible (maximum 3). Raises
``ValueError`` if impossible.
use_sqrt_iswap_inv: If True, returns a decomposition using
``SQRT_ISWAP_INV`` gates instead of ``SQRT_ISWAP``. This
decomposition is identical except for the addition of single-qubit
Z gates.
atol: A limit on the amount of absolute error introduced by the
construction.
check_preconditions: If set, verifies that the input corresponds to a
4x4 unitary before decomposing.
clean_operations: Merges runs of single qubit gates to a single `cirq.PhasedXZGate` in
the resulting operations list.
Returns:
A list of operations implementing the matrix including at most three
``SQRT_ISWAP`` (sqrt-iSWAP) gates and ZPow, XPow, and YPow single-qubit
gates.
Raises:
ValueError:
If ``required_sqrt_iswap_count`` is specified, the minimum number of
sqrt-iSWAP gates needed to decompose the given matrix is greater
than ``required_sqrt_iswap_count``.
References:
Towards ultra-high fidelity quantum operations: SQiSW gate as a native
two-qubit gate
https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.06074
"""
kak = linalg.kak_decomposition(
mat, atol=atol / 10, rtol=0, check_preconditions=check_preconditions
)
operations = _kak_decomposition_to_sqrt_iswap_operations(
q0, q1, kak, required_sqrt_iswap_count, use_sqrt_iswap_inv, atol=atol
)
return (
[*merge_single_qubit_gates_to_phxz(circuits.Circuit(operations)).all_operations()]
if clean_operations
else operations
)
def _kak_decomposition_to_sqrt_iswap_operations(
q0: 'cirq.Qid',
q1: 'cirq.Qid',
kak: linalg.KakDecomposition,
required_sqrt_iswap_count: Optional[int] = None,
use_sqrt_iswap_inv: bool = False,
atol: float = 1e-8,
) -> Sequence['cirq.Operation']:
single_qubit_operations, _ = _single_qubit_matrices_with_sqrt_iswap(
kak, required_sqrt_iswap_count, atol=atol
)
if use_sqrt_iswap_inv:
z_unitary = protocols.unitary(ops.Z)
return _decomp_to_operations(
q0,
q1,
ops.SQRT_ISWAP_INV,
single_qubit_operations,
u0_before=z_unitary,
u0_after=z_unitary,
atol=atol,
)
return _decomp_to_operations(q0, q1, ops.SQRT_ISWAP, single_qubit_operations, atol=atol)
def _decomp_to_operations(
q0: 'cirq.Qid',
q1: 'cirq.Qid',
two_qubit_gate: 'cirq.Gate',
single_qubit_operations: Sequence[Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]],
u0_before: np.ndarray = np.eye(2),
u0_after: np.ndarray = np.eye(2),
atol: float = 1e-8,
) -> Sequence['cirq.Operation']:
"""Converts a sequence of single-qubit unitary matrices on two qubits into a
list of operations with interleaved two-qubit gates."""
two_qubit_op = two_qubit_gate(q0, q1)
operations = []
prev_commute = 1
def append(matrix0, matrix1, final_layer=False):
"""Appends the decomposed single-qubit operations for matrix0 and
matrix1.
The cleanup logic, specific to sqrt-iSWAP, commutes the final Z**a gate
and any whole X or Y gate on q1 through the following sqrt-iSWAP.
Commutation rules:
- Z(q0)**a, Z(q1)**a together commute with sqrt-iSWAP for all a
- X(q0), X(q0) together commute with sqrt-iSWAP
- Y(q0), Y(q0) together commute with sqrt-iSWAP
"""
nonlocal prev_commute
# Commute previous Z(q0)**a, Z(q1)**a through earlier sqrt-iSWAP
rots1 = list(
single_qubit_decompositions.single_qubit_matrix_to_pauli_rotations(
np.dot(matrix1, prev_commute), atol=atol
)
)
new_commute = np.eye(2, dtype=matrix0.dtype)
if not final_layer:
# Commute rightmost Z(q0)**b, Z(q1)**b through next sqrt-iSWAP
if len(rots1) > 0 and rots1[-1][0] == ops.Z:
_, prev_z = rots1.pop()
z_unitary = protocols.unitary(ops.Z**prev_z)
new_commute = new_commute @ z_unitary
matrix0 = z_unitary.T.conj() @ matrix0
# Commute rightmost whole X(q0), X(q0) or Y, Y through next sqrt-iSWAP
if len(rots1) > 0 and linalg.tolerance.near_zero_mod(rots1[-1][1], 1, atol=atol):
pauli, half_turns = rots1.pop()
p_unitary = protocols.unitary(pauli**half_turns)
new_commute = new_commute @ p_unitary
matrix0 = p_unitary.T.conj() @ matrix0
rots0 = list(
single_qubit_decompositions.single_qubit_matrix_to_pauli_rotations(
np.dot(matrix0, prev_commute), atol=atol
)
)
# Append single qubit ops
operations.extend((pauli**half_turns).on(q0) for pauli, half_turns in rots0)
operations.extend((pauli**half_turns).on(q1) for pauli, half_turns in rots1)
prev_commute = new_commute
single_ops = list(single_qubit_operations)
if len(single_ops) <= 1: # Handle zero sqrt-iSWAP case separately
for matrix0, matrix1 in single_ops: # Only entry, if any
append(matrix0, matrix1, final_layer=True) # Append only pair of single qubit gates
return operations
for matrix0, matrix1 in single_ops[:1]: # First entry
append(u0_before @ matrix0, matrix1) # Append pair of single qubit gates
operations.append(two_qubit_op) # Append two-qubit gate between each pair
for matrix0, matrix1 in single_ops[1:-1]: # All middle entries
append(u0_before @ matrix0 @ u0_after, matrix1) # Append pair of single qubit gates
operations.append(two_qubit_op) # Append two-qubit gate between each pair
for matrix0, matrix1 in single_ops[-1:]: # Last entry
# Append final pair of single qubit gates
append(matrix0 @ u0_after, matrix1, final_layer=True)
return operations
def _single_qubit_matrices_with_sqrt_iswap(
kak: 'cirq.KakDecomposition',
required_sqrt_iswap_count: Optional[int] = None,
atol: float = 1e-8,
) -> Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]], complex]:
"""Computes the sequence of interleaved single-qubit unitary matrices in the
sqrt-iSWAP decomposition."""
decomposers = [
(_in_0_region, _decomp_0_matrices),
(_in_1sqrt_iswap_region, _decomp_1sqrt_iswap_matrices),
(_in_2sqrt_iswap_region, _decomp_2sqrt_iswap_matrices),
(_in_3sqrt_iswap_region, _decomp_3sqrt_iswap_matrices),
]
if required_sqrt_iswap_count is not None:
if not 0 <= required_sqrt_iswap_count <= 3:
raise ValueError('the argument `required_sqrt_iswap_count` must be 0, 1, 2, or 3.')
can_decompose, decomposer = decomposers[required_sqrt_iswap_count]
if not can_decompose(kak.interaction_coefficients, weyl_tol=atol / 10):
raise ValueError(
f'the given gate cannot be decomposed into exactly '
f'{required_sqrt_iswap_count} sqrt-iSWAP gates.'
)
return decomposer(kak, atol=atol)
for can_decompose, decomposer in decomposers:
if can_decompose(kak.interaction_coefficients, weyl_tol=atol / 10):
return decomposer(kak, atol)
assert False, 'The final can_decompose should always returns True'
def _in_0_region(
interaction_coefficients: Tuple[float, float, float], weyl_tol: float = 1e-8
) -> bool:
"""Tests if (x, y, z) ~= (0, 0, 0) assuming x, y, z are canonical."""
x, y, z = interaction_coefficients
return abs(x) <= weyl_tol and abs(y) <= weyl_tol and abs(z) <= weyl_tol
def _in_1sqrt_iswap_region(
interaction_coefficients: Tuple[float, float, float], weyl_tol: float = 1e-8
) -> bool:
"""Tests if (x, y, z) ~= (π/8, π/8, 0), assuming x, y, z are canonical."""
x, y, z = interaction_coefficients
return abs(x - np.pi / 8) <= weyl_tol and abs(y - np.pi / 8) <= weyl_tol and abs(z) <= weyl_tol
def _in_2sqrt_iswap_region(
interaction_coefficients: Tuple[float, float, float], weyl_tol: float = 1e-8
) -> bool:
"""Tests if (x, y, z) is inside or within weyl_tol of the volume
x >= y + |z| assuming x, y, z are canonical.
References:
Towards ultra-high fidelity quantum operations: SQiSW gate as a native
two-qubit gate
https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.06074
"""
x, y, z = interaction_coefficients
# Lemma 1 of the paper
# The other constraint in Lemma 1 simply asserts x, y, z are canonical
return x + weyl_tol >= y + abs(z)
def _in_3sqrt_iswap_region(
interaction_coefficients: Tuple[float, float, float], weyl_tol: float = 1e-8
) -> bool:
"""Any two-qubit operation is decomposable into three SQRT_ISWAP gates.
References:
Towards ultra-high fidelity quantum operations: SQiSW gate as a native
two-qubit gate
https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.06074
"""
return True
def _decomp_0_matrices(
kak: 'cirq.KakDecomposition', atol: float = 1e-8
) -> Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]], complex]:
"""Returns the single-qubit matrices for the 0-SQRT_ISWAP decomposition.
Assumes canonical x, y, z and (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0) within tolerance.
"""
# Pairs of single-qubit unitaries, SQRT_ISWAP between each is implied
# Only a single pair of single-qubit unitaries is returned here so
# _decomp_to_operations will not insert any sqrt-iSWAP gates in between
return [
(
kak.single_qubit_operations_after[0] @ kak.single_qubit_operations_before[0],
kak.single_qubit_operations_after[1] @ kak.single_qubit_operations_before[1],
)
], kak.global_phase
def _decomp_1sqrt_iswap_matrices(
kak: 'cirq.KakDecomposition', atol: float = 1e-8
) -> Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]], complex]:
"""Returns the single-qubit matrices for the 1-SQRT_ISWAP decomposition.
Assumes canonical x, y, z and (x, y, z) = (π/8, π/8, 0) within tolerance.
"""
return [ # Pairs of single-qubit unitaries, SQRT_ISWAP between each is implied
kak.single_qubit_operations_before,
kak.single_qubit_operations_after,
], kak.global_phase
def _decomp_2sqrt_iswap_matrices(
kak: 'cirq.KakDecomposition', atol: float = 1e-8
) -> Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]], complex]:
"""Returns the single-qubit matrices for the 2-SQRT_ISWAP decomposition.
Assumes canonical x, y, z and x >= y + |z| within tolerance. For x, y, z
that violate this inequality, three sqrt-iSWAP gates are required.
References:
Towards ultra-high fidelity quantum operations: SQiSW gate as a native
two-qubit gate
https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.06074
"""
# Follows the if-branch of procedure DECOMP(U) in Algorithm 1 of the paper
x, y, z = kak.interaction_coefficients
b0, b1 = kak.single_qubit_operations_before
a0, a1 = kak.single_qubit_operations_after
# Computed gate parameters: Eq. 4, 6, 7, 8 of the paper
# range limits added for robustness to numerical error
def safe_arccos(v):
return np.arccos(np.clip(v, -1, 1))
def nonzero_sign(v):
return -1 if v < 0 else 1
_c = np.clip(
np.sin(x + y - z) * np.sin(x - y + z) * np.sin(-x - y - z) * np.sin(-x + y + z), 0, 1
)
alpha = safe_arccos(np.cos(2 * x) - np.cos(2 * y) + np.cos(2 * z) + 2 * np.sqrt(_c))
beta = safe_arccos(np.cos(2 * x) - np.cos(2 * y) + np.cos(2 * z) - 2 * np.sqrt(_c))
# Don't need to limit this value because it will always be positive and the clip in the
# following `safe_arccos` handles the cases where this could be slightly greater than 1.
_4ccs = 4 * (np.cos(x) * np.cos(z) * np.sin(y)) ** 2 # Intermediate value
gamma = safe_arccos(
nonzero_sign(z)
* np.sqrt(_4ccs / (_4ccs + np.clip(np.cos(2 * x) * np.cos(2 * y) * np.cos(2 * z), 0, 1)))
)
# Inner single-qubit gates: Fig. 4 of the paper
# Gate angles here are multiplied by -2 to adjust for non-standard gate definitions in the paper
c0 = (
protocols.unitary(ops.rz(-gamma))
@ protocols.unitary(ops.rx(-alpha))
@ protocols.unitary(ops.rz(-gamma))
)
c1 = protocols.unitary(ops.rx(-beta))
# Compute KAK on the decomposition to determine outer single-qubit gates
# There is no known closed form solution for these gates
u_sqrt_iswap = protocols.unitary(ops.SQRT_ISWAP)
u = u_sqrt_iswap @ np.kron(c0, c1) @ u_sqrt_iswap # Unitary of decomposition
kak_fix = linalg.kak_decomposition(u, atol=atol / 10, rtol=0, check_preconditions=False)
e0, e1 = kak_fix.single_qubit_operations_before
d0, d1 = kak_fix.single_qubit_operations_after
return [ # Pairs of single-qubit unitaries, SQRT_ISWAP between each is implied
(e0.T.conj() @ b0, e1.T.conj() @ b1),
(c0, c1),
(a0 @ d0.T.conj(), a1 @ d1.T.conj()),
], kak.global_phase / kak_fix.global_phase
def _decomp_3sqrt_iswap_matrices(
kak: 'cirq.KakDecomposition', atol: float = 1e-8
) -> Tuple[Sequence[Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray]], complex]:
"""Returns the single-qubit matrices for the 3-SQRT_ISWAP decomposition.
Assumes any canonical x, y, z. Three sqrt-iSWAP gates are only needed if
x < y + |z|. Only two are needed for other gates (most cases).
References:
Towards ultra-high fidelity quantum operations: SQiSW gate as a native
two-qubit gate
https://arxiv.org/abs/2105.06074
"""
# This somewhat follows the else-branch of procedure DECOMP(U) in Algorithm 1 of the paper.
# However the canonicalization conditions are different from the paper and allow any Weyl
# coordinate to be synthesized with 3 sqrt-iSWAPs.
#
# This method breaks the 3-sqrt-iSWAP synthesis problem into a sum of the 1-sqrt-iSWAP and
# 2-sqrt-iSWAP problems. This works because given two 2-qubit unitaries, U and V, with (not
# necessarily canonical) Weyl coordinates (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2), both products U*V and
# V*U will have (non-canonical) Weyl coordinates (x1+x2, y1+y2, z1+z2) if both U and V are
# diagonal in the magic basis (i.e. all single-qubit operations of the pre-canonicalized KAK
# decomposition are identity).
x, y, z = kak.interaction_coefficients
b0, b1 = kak.single_qubit_operations_before
a0, a1 = kak.single_qubit_operations_after
# Find x1, y1, z1, x2, y2, z2
# such that x1+x2=x, y1+y2=y, z1+z2=z
# where x1, y1, z1 are implementable by one sqrt-iSWAP gate
# and x2, y2, z2 implementable by two sqrt-iSWAP gates
# No error tolerance needed
ieq1 = y > np.pi / 8
ieq2 = z < 0
if ieq1:
if ieq2:
# Non-canonical Weyl coordinates for the single sqrt-iSWAP
x1, y1, z1 = 0.0, np.pi / 8, -np.pi / 8
else:
x1, y1, z1 = 0.0, np.pi / 8, np.pi / 8
else:
x1, y1, z1 = -np.pi / 8, np.pi / 8, 0.0
# Non-canonical Weyl coordinates for the two sqrt-iSWAP decomposition
x2, y2, z2 = x - x1, y - y1, z - z1
# Find fixup single-qubit gates for the canonical (i.e. diagonal in the magic basis)
# decompositions
kak1 = linalg.kak_canonicalize_vector(x1, y1, z1, atol)
kak2 = linalg.kak_canonicalize_vector(x2, y2, z2, atol)
# Compute sub-decompositions
# F0 and F1 from Algorithm 1 of the paper are not needed
((h0, h1), (g0, g1)), phase1 = _decomp_1sqrt_iswap_matrices(kak1, atol)
((e0, e1), (c0, c1), (d0, d1)), phase2 = _decomp_2sqrt_iswap_matrices(kak2, atol)
# There are two valid solutions at this point: kak1 before kak2 or kak2 before kak1
# Arbitrarily pick kak1 before kak2
return [ # Pairs of single-qubit unitaries, SQRT_ISWAP between each is implied
(h0 @ b0, h1 @ b1),
(e0 @ g0, e1 @ g1),
(c0, c1),
(a0 @ d0, a1 @ d1),
], kak.global_phase * phase1 * phase2