Add single qubit readout calibration (#2532)

cirq/__init__.py

@@ -88,6 +88,7 @@
 )
 
 from cirq.experiments import (
+    estimate_single_qubit_readout_errors,
     hog_score_xeb_fidelity_from_probabilities,
     linear_xeb_fidelity,
     linear_xeb_fidelity_from_probabilities,

cirq/experiments/__init__.py

@@ -30,6 +30,11 @@
     xeb_fidelity,
 )
 
+from cirq.experiments.single_qubit_readout_calibration import (
+    estimate_single_qubit_readout_errors,
+    SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult,
+)
+
 from cirq.experiments.t1_decay_experiment import (
     t1_decay,
     T1DecayResult,

cirq/experiments/single_qubit_readout_calibration.py

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# Copyright 2019 The Cirq Developers
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from typing import Dict, Iterable, TYPE_CHECKING
+
+import dataclasses
+import time
+
+import numpy as np
+
+from cirq import circuits, ops
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    import cirq
+
+
+@dataclasses.dataclass(frozen=True)
+class SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult:
+    """Result of estimating single qubit readout error.
+
+    Attributes:
+        zero_state_errors: A dictionary from qubit to probability of measuring
+            a 1 when the qubit is initialized to |0⟩.
+        one_state_errors: A dictionary from qubit to probability of measuring
+            a 0 when the qubit is initialized to |1⟩.
+        repetitions: The number of repetitions that were used to estimate the
+            probabilities.
+        timestamp: The time the data was taken, in seconds since the epoch.
+    """
+    zero_state_errors: Dict['cirq.Qid', float]
+    one_state_errors: Dict['cirq.Qid', float]
+    repetitions: int
+    timestamp: float
+
+    def _json_dict_(self):
+        return {
+            'cirq_type': self.__class__.__name__,
+            'zero_state_errors': list(self.zero_state_errors.items()),
+            'one_state_errors': list(self.one_state_errors.items()),
+            'repetitions': self.repetitions,
+            'timestamp': self.timestamp
+        }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def _from_json_dict_(cls, zero_state_errors, one_state_errors, repetitions,
+                         timestamp, **kwargs):
+        return cls(zero_state_errors=dict(zero_state_errors),
+                   one_state_errors=dict(one_state_errors),
+                   repetitions=repetitions,
+                   timestamp=timestamp)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        return ('cirq.experiments.SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult('
+                f'zero_state_errors={self.zero_state_errors!r}, '
+                f'one_state_errors={self.one_state_errors!r}, '
+                f'repetitions={self.repetitions!r}, '
+                f'timestamp={self.timestamp!r})')
+
+
+def estimate_single_qubit_readout_errors(
+        sampler: 'cirq.Sampler',
+        *,
+        qubits: Iterable['cirq.Qid'],
+        repetitions: int = 1000) -> SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult:
+    """Estimate single-qubit readout error.
+
+    For each qubit, prepare the |0⟩ state and measure. Calculate how often a 1
+    is measured. Also, prepare the |1⟩ state and calculate how often a 0 is
+    measured. The state preparations and measurements are done in parallel,
+    i.e., for the first experiment, we actually prepare every qubit in the |0⟩
+    state and measure them simultaneously.
+
+    Args:
+        sampler: The quantum engine or simulator to run the circuits.
+        qubits: The qubits being tested.
+        repetitions: The number of measurement repetitions to perform.
+
+    Returns:
+        A SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult storing the readout error
+        probabilities as well as the number of repetitions used to estimate
+        the probabilties. Also stores a timestamp indicating the time when
+        data was finished being collected from the sampler.
+    """
+    qubits = list(qubits)
+
+    zeros_circuit = circuits.Circuit(ops.measure_each(*qubits, key_func=repr))
+    ones_circuit = circuits.Circuit(ops.X.on_each(*qubits),
+                                    ops.measure_each(*qubits, key_func=repr))
+
+    zeros_result = sampler.run(zeros_circuit, repetitions=repetitions)
+    ones_result = sampler.run(ones_circuit, repetitions=repetitions)
+    timestamp = time.time()
+
+    zero_state_errors = {
+        q: np.mean(zeros_result.measurements[repr(q)]) for q in qubits
+    }
+    one_state_errors = {
+        q: 1 - np.mean(ones_result.measurements[repr(q)]) for q in qubits
+    }
+
+    return SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult(
+        zero_state_errors=zero_state_errors,
+        one_state_errors=one_state_errors,
+        repetitions=repetitions,
+        timestamp=timestamp)

cirq/experiments/single_qubit_readout_calibration_test.py

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+# Copyright 2019 The Cirq Developers
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from typing import List, Union
+
+import cirq
+
+
+class NoisySingleQubitReadoutSampler(cirq.Sampler):
+
+    def __init__(self,
+                 p0: float,
+                 p1: float,
+                 seed: cirq.value.RANDOM_STATE_LIKE = None):
+        """Sampler that flips some bits upon readout.
+
+        Args:
+            p0: Probability of flipping a 0 to a 1.
+            p1: Probability of flipping a 1 to a 0.
+            seed: A seed for the pseudorandom number generator.
+        """
+        self.p0 = p0
+        self.p1 = p1
+        self.prng = cirq.value.parse_random_state(seed)
+        self.simulator = cirq.Simulator(seed=self.prng)
+
+    def run_sweep(
+            self,
+            program: Union[cirq.Circuit, cirq.Schedule],
+            params: cirq.Sweepable,
+            repetitions: int = 1,
+    ) -> List[cirq.TrialResult]:
+        results = self.simulator.run_sweep(program, params, repetitions)
+        for result in results:
+            for bits in result.measurements.values():
+                for i in range(bits.shape[0]):
+                    if bits[i, 0] == 0 and self.prng.uniform() < self.p0:
+                        bits[i, 0] = 1
+                    elif self.prng.uniform() < self.p1:
+                        bits[i, 0] = 0
+        return results
+
+
+def test_estimate_single_qubit_readout_errors_no_noise():
+    qubits = cirq.LineQubit.range(10)
+    sampler = cirq.Simulator()
+    repetitions = 1000
+    result = cirq.estimate_single_qubit_readout_errors(sampler,
+                                                       qubits=qubits,
+                                                       repetitions=repetitions)
+    assert result.zero_state_errors == {q: 0 for q in qubits}
+    assert result.one_state_errors == {q: 0 for q in qubits}
+    assert result.repetitions == repetitions
+    assert isinstance(result.timestamp, float)
+
+
+def test_estimate_single_qubit_readout_errors_with_noise():
+    qubits = cirq.LineQubit.range(5)
+    sampler = NoisySingleQubitReadoutSampler(p0=0.1, p1=0.2, seed=1234)
+    repetitions = 1000
+    result = cirq.estimate_single_qubit_readout_errors(sampler,
+                                                       qubits=qubits,
+                                                       repetitions=repetitions)
+    for error in result.zero_state_errors.values():
+        assert 0.08 < error < 0.12
+    for error in result.one_state_errors.values():
+        assert 0.18 < error < 0.22
+    assert result.repetitions == repetitions
+    assert isinstance(result.timestamp, float)
+
+
+def test_single_qubit_readout_calibration_result_repr():
+    result = cirq.experiments.SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult(
+        zero_state_errors={cirq.LineQubit(0): 0.1},
+        one_state_errors={cirq.LineQubit(0): 0.2},
+        repetitions=1000,
+        timestamp=0.3)
+    cirq.testing.assert_equivalent_repr(result)

cirq/protocols/json.py

@@ -110,6 +110,8 @@ def _identity_operation_from_dict(qubits, **kwargs):
                 'SingleQubitMatrixGate': cirq.SingleQubitMatrixGate,
                 'SingleQubitPauliStringGateOperation':
                 cirq.SingleQubitPauliStringGateOperation,
+                'SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult':
+                cirq.experiments.SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult,
                 'SwapPowGate': cirq.SwapPowGate,
                 'SycamoreGate': cirq.google.SycamoreGate,
                 'TwoQubitMatrixGate': cirq.TwoQubitMatrixGate,

cirq/protocols/json_test_data/SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult.json

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+{
+  "cirq_type": "SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult",
+  "zero_state_errors": [
+    [
+      {
+        "cirq_type": "LineQubit",
+        "x": 0
+      },
+      0.1
+    ]
+  ],
+  "one_state_errors": [
+    [
+      {
+        "cirq_type": "LineQubit",
+        "x": 0
+      },
+      0.2
+    ]
+  ],
+  "repetitions": 1000,
+  "timestamp": 0.3
+}

cirq/protocols/json_test_data/SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult.repr

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+cirq.experiments.SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult(zero_state_errors={cirq.LineQubit(0): 0.1}, one_state_errors={cirq.LineQubit(0): 0.2}, repetitions=1000, timestamp=0.3)

docs/api.rst

@@ -412,6 +412,7 @@ run experiments.
 .. autosummary::
     :toctree: generated/
 
+    cirq.estimate_single_qubit_readout_errors
     cirq.generate_boixo_2018_supremacy_circuits_v2
     cirq.generate_boixo_2018_supremacy_circuits_v2_bristlecone
     cirq.generate_boixo_2018_supremacy_circuits_v2_grid
@@ -430,6 +431,7 @@ run experiments.
     cirq.experiments.CrossEntropyResult
     cirq.experiments.RabiResult
     cirq.experiments.RandomizedBenchMarkResult
+    cirq.experiments.SingleQubitReadoutCalibrationResult
     cirq.experiments.T1DecayResult
     cirq.experiments.TomographyResult