Catch the RangeError closer to the cause

activerecord/lib/active_record/associations/association.rb

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ def find_target
           end
 
           binds = AssociationScope.get_bind_values(owner, reflection.chain)
-          sc.execute(binds, klass.connection) { |record| set_inverse_instance(record) } || []
+          sc.execute(binds, klass.connection) { |record| set_inverse_instance(record) }
         end
 
         # The scope for this association.

activerecord/lib/active_record/connection_adapters/abstract/database_statements.rb

@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ def select_all(arel, name = nil, binds = [], preparable: nil)
         else
           select(sql, name, binds)
         end
+      rescue ::RangeError
+        ActiveRecord::Result.new([], [])
       end
 
       # Returns a record hash with the column names as keys and column values

activerecord/lib/active_record/core.rb

@@ -192,11 +192,8 @@ def find(*ids) # :nodoc:
           where(key => params.bind).limit(1)
         }
 
-        record = statement.execute([id], connection)&.first
-        unless record
-          raise RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name} with '#{key}'=#{id}", name, key, id)
-        end
-        record
+        statement.execute([id], connection).first ||
+          raise(RecordNotFound.new("Couldn't find #{name} with '#{key}'=#{id}", name, key, id))
       end
 
       def find_by(*args) # :nodoc:
@@ -229,7 +226,7 @@ def find_by(*args) # :nodoc:
         }
 
         begin
-          statement.execute(values, connection)&.first
+          statement.execute(values, connection).first
         rescue TypeError
           raise ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid
         end

activerecord/lib/active_record/statement_cache.rb

@@ -148,8 +148,6 @@ def execute(params, connection, &block)
       sql = query_builder.sql_for bind_values, connection
 
       klass.find_by_sql(sql, bind_values, preparable: true, &block)
-    rescue ::RangeError
-      nil
     end
 
     def self.unsupported_value?(value)