Ensure symbols passed to select are always quoted

Our general contract in Active Record is that strings are assumed to be
SQL literals, and symbols are assumed to reference a column. If a from
clause is given, we shouldn't include the table name, but we should
still quote the value as if it were a column.

Upon fixing this, the tests were still failing on SQLite. This was
because the column name being returned by the query was `"\"join\""`
instead of `"join"`. This is actually a bug in SQLite that was fixed a
long time ago, but I was using the version of SQLite included by OS X
which has this bug. Since I'm guessing this will be a common case for
contributors, I also added an explicit check with a more helpful error
message.

Fixes #20360

Gemfile.lock

@@ -308,4 +308,4 @@ DEPENDENCIES
   w3c_validators
 
 BUNDLED WITH
-   1.10.1
+   1.10.2

activerecord/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+*   Ensure symbols passed to `ActiveRecord::Relation#select` are always treated
+    as columns.
+
+    Fixes #20360.
+
+    *Sean Griffin*
+
 *   Do not set `sql_mode` if `strict: :default` is specified.
 
         ```

activerecord/lib/active_record/relation/query_methods.rb

@@ -1001,15 +1001,13 @@ def build_select(arel)
     end
 
     def arel_columns(columns)
-      if from_clause.value
-        columns
-      else
-        columns.map do |field|
-          if (Symbol === field || String === field) && columns_hash.key?(field.to_s)
-            arel_table[field]
-          else
-            field
-          end
+      columns.map do |field|
+        if (Symbol === field || String === field) && columns_hash.key?(field.to_s) && !from_clause.value
+          arel_table[field]
+        elsif Symbol === field
+          connection.quote_table_name(field.to_s)
+        else
+          field
         end
       end
     end

activerecord/test/cases/relation_test.rb

@@ -242,6 +242,13 @@ def test_respond_to_for_non_selected_element
       assert_equal false, post.respond_to?(:title), "post should not respond_to?(:body) since invoking it raises exception"
     end
 
+    def test_select_quotes_when_using_from_clause
+      ensure_sqlite3_version_doesnt_include_bug
+      quoted_join = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.quote_table_name("join")
+      selected = Post.select(:join).from(Post.select("id as #{quoted_join}")).map(&:join)
+      assert_equal Post.pluck(:id), selected
+    end
+
     def test_relation_merging_with_merged_joins_as_strings
       join_string = "LEFT OUTER JOIN #{Rating.quoted_table_name} ON #{SpecialComment.quoted_table_name}.id = #{Rating.quoted_table_name}.comment_id"
       special_comments_with_ratings = SpecialComment.joins join_string
@@ -276,5 +283,20 @@ def test_update_all_goes_through_normal_type_casting
 
       assert_equal "type cast from database", UpdateAllTestModel.first.body
     end
+
+    private
+
+    def ensure_sqlite3_version_doesnt_include_bug
+      if current_adapter?(:SQLite3Adapter)
+        selected_quoted_column_names = ActiveRecord::Base.connection.exec_query(
+          'SELECT "join" FROM (SELECT id AS "join" FROM posts) subquery'
+        ).columns
+        assert_equal ["join"], selected_quoted_column_names, <<-ERROR.squish
+          You are using an outdated version of SQLite3 which has a bug in
+          quoted column names. Please update SQLite3 and rebuild the sqlite3
+          ruby gem
+        ERROR
+      end
+    end
   end
 end