re rust-lang#72380 (comment)

Given the toy code

```rust
fn is_positive(n: usize) {
  n > -1_isize;
}
```

We currently get a type mismatch error like the following:

```
error[E0308]: mismatched types
 --> src/main.rs:2:9
  |
2 |     n > -1_isize;
  |         ^^^^^^^^ expected `usize`, found `isize`
  |
help: you can convert an `isize` to `usize` and panic if the converted value wouldn't fit
  |
2 |     n > (-1_isize).try_into().unwrap();
  |         ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
```

But clearly, `-1` can never fit into a `usize`, so the suggestion will
always panic. A more useful message would tell the user that the value
can never fit in the expected type:

```
error[E0308]: mismatched types
 --> test.rs:2:9
  |
2 |     n > -1_isize;
  |         ^^^^^^^^ expected `usize`, found `isize`
  |
note: `-1_isize` can never fit into `usize`
 --> test.rs:2:9
  |
2 |     n > -1_isize;
  |         ^^^^^^^^
```

Which is what this commit implements.

I only added this check for negative literals because

- Currently we can only perform such a check for literals (constant
  value propagation is outside the scope of the typechecker at this
  point)
- A lint error for out-of-range numeric literals is already emitted

IMO it makes more sense to put this check in librustc_lint, but as far
as I can tell the typecheck pass happens before the lint pass, so I've
added it here.

r? @estebank