cloud.go

// Copyright © 2016-2018 Genome Research Limited
// Author: Sendu Bala <sb10@sanger.ac.uk>.
//
//  This file is part of wr.
//
//  wr is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
//  it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
//  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
//  (at your option) any later version.
//
//  wr is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
//  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
//  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
//  GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
//  You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
//  along with wr. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

/*
Package cloud provides functions to interact with cloud providers, used to
create cloud resources so that you can spawn servers, then delete those
resources when you're done.

Currently implemented providers are OpenStack, with AWS planned for the future.
The implementation of each supported provider is in its own .go file.

It's a pseudo plug-in system in that it is designed so that you can easily add a
go file that implements the methods of the provideri interface, to support a
new cloud provider. On the other hand, there is no dynamic loading of these go
files; they are all imported (they all belong to the cloud package), and the
correct one used at run time. To "register" a new provideri implementation you
must add a case for it to New() and RequiredEnv() and rebuild. The spawn()
method must create a file at the path sentinelFilePath once the system has
finalised its boot up and is fully ready to use. The system should be configured
to allow user fuse mounts.

Please note that the methods in this package are NOT safe to be used by more
than 1 process at a time.

    import "github.com/VertebrateResequencing/wr/cloud"

    // deploy
    provider, err := cloud.New("openstack", "wr-production-username", "/home/username/.wr-production/created_cloud_resources")
    err = provider.Deploy(&cloud.DeployConfig{
        RequiredPorts:  []int{22},
        GatewayIP:      "192.168.0.1",
        CIDR:           "192.168.0.0/18",
        DNSNameServers: [...]string{"8.8.4.4", "8.8.8.8"},
    })

    // spawn a server
    flavor := provider.CheapestServerFlavor(1, 1024, "")
    server, err = provider.Spawn("Ubuntu Xenial", "ubuntu", flavor.ID, 20, 2 * time.Minute, true)
    server.WaitUntilReady("~/.s3cfg")

    // simplistic way of making the most of the server by running as many
    // commands as possible:
    for _, cmd := range myCmds {
        if server.HasSpaceFor(1, 1024, 1) > 0 {
            server.Allocate(1, 1024, 1)
            go func() {
                server.RunCmd(cmd, false)
                server.Release(1, 1024, 1)
            }()
        } else {
            break
        }
    }

    // destroy everything created
    provider.TearDown()
*/
package cloud

import (
	"encoding/gob"
	"errors"
	"fmt"
	"os"
	"regexp"
	"runtime"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/VertebrateResequencing/wr/internal"
	"github.com/gofrs/uuid"
	"github.com/inconshreveable/log15"
	"golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
)

// Err* constants are found in the returned Errors under err.Err, so you can
// cast and check if it's a certain type of error. ErrMissingEnv gets appended
// to with missing environment variable names, so check based on prefix.
var (
	ErrBadProvider     = "unknown provider name"
	ErrMissingEnv      = "missing environment variables: "
	ErrBadResourceName = "your resource name prefix contains disallowed characters"
	ErrNoFlavor        = "no server flavor can meet your resource requirements"
	ErrBadFlavor       = "no server flavor with that id/name exists"
	ErrBadRegex        = "your flavor regular expression was not valid"
)

// sshTimeOut is how long we wait for ssh to work when an ssh request is made to
// a server.
var sshTimeOut = 5 * time.Minute

// sentinelFilePath is the file that provideri implementers must create on each
// spawn()ed server once it is fully ready to use.
const sentinelFilePath = "/tmp/.wr_cloud_sentinel"

// sentinelInitScript can be used as user data to the cloud-init mechanism to
// create sentinelFilePath. We also try to turn off requiretty in /etc/sudoers,
// to allow postCreationScripts passed to WaitUntilReady() to be run with sudo.
// And we try to enable user_allow_other in fuse.conf to allow user mounts to
// work.
var sentinelInitScript = []byte("#!/bin/bash\nsed -i 's/^Defaults\\s*requiretty/Defaults\\t!requiretty/' /etc/sudoers\nsed -i '/user_allow_other/s/^#//g' /etc/fuse.conf\nchmod o+r /etc/fuse.conf\ntouch " + sentinelFilePath)

// sentinelTimeOut is how long we wait for sentinelFilePath to be created before
// we give up and return an error from Spawn().
var sentinelTimeOut = 10 * time.Minute

// defaultDNSNameServers holds some public (google) dns name server addresses
// for use when creating cloud subnets that need internet access.
var defaultDNSNameServers = [...]string{"8.8.4.4", "8.8.8.8"}

// defaultCIDR is a useful range allowing 16382 servers to be spawned, with a
// defaultGateWayIP at the start of that range.
const defaultGateWayIP = "192.168.0.1"
const defaultCIDR = "192.168.0.0/18"

// touchStampFormat is the time format expected by `touch -t`.
const touchStampFormat = "200601021504.05"

// hostNameRegex is used by nameToHostName() to make strings valid hostnames.
var hostNameRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`[^a-z0-9\-]+`)

const openstackName = "openstack"

// Error records an error and the operation and provider caused it.
type Error struct {
	Provider string // the provider's Name
	Op       string // name of the method
	Err      string // one of our Err* vars
}

func (e Error) Error() string {
	return "cloud(" + e.Provider + ") " + e.Op + "(): " + e.Err
}

// Resources struct contains provider-specific details of every resource that
// we created, in a format understood by TearDown(), so that we can delete
// those resources when they're no longer needed. There are also fields for
// important things the user needs to know.
type Resources struct {
	ResourceName string             // the resource name prefix that resources were created with
	Details      map[string]string  // whatever key values the provider needs to describe what it created
	PrivateKey   string             // PEM format string of the key user would need to ssh in to any created servers
	Servers      map[string]*Server // the serverID => *Server mapping of any servers Spawn()ed with an external ip
}

// Quota struct describes the limit on what resources you are allowed to use (0
// values mean that resource is unlimited), and how much you have already used.
type Quota struct {
	MaxRAM        int // total MBs allowed
	MaxCores      int // total CPU cores allowed
	MaxInstances  int // max number of instances allowed
	MaxVolume     int // max GBs of volume storage that can be allocated
	UsedRAM       int
	UsedCores     int
	UsedInstances int
	UsedVolume    int
}

// provideri must be satisfied to add support for a particular cloud provider.
type provideri interface {
	// return the environment variables required to function
	requiredEnv() []string
	// return the environment variables that might be required to function
	maybeEnv() []string
	// do any initial config set up such as authentication
	initialize(logger log15.Logger) error
	// achieve the aims of Deploy(), recording what you create in resources.Details and resources.PrivateKey
	deploy(resources *Resources, requiredPorts []int, gatewayIP, cidr string, dnsNameServers []string) error
	// achieve the aims of InCloud()
	inCloud() bool
	// achieve the aims of GetQuota()
	getQuota() (*Quota, error)
	// return a map of all server flavors, with their flavor ids as keys
	flavors() map[string]*Flavor
	// achieve the aims of Spawn(). Must send on the supplied usingQuotaCh as
	// soon as the new server has been requested and is counted as using up
	// quota (or the request fails), then create sentinelFilePath once the new
	// server is in powered up (but not necessarily fully booted up).
	spawn(resources *Resources, os string, flavor string, diskGB int, externalIP bool, usingQuotaCh chan bool) (serverID, serverIP, serverName, adminPass string, err error)
	// achieve the aims of CheckServer()
	checkServer(serverID string) (bool, error)
	// achieve the aims of DestroyServer()
	destroyServer(serverID string) error
	// achieve the aims of TearDown()
	tearDown(resources *Resources) error
}

// Provider gives you access to all of the methods you'll need to interact with
// a cloud provider.
type Provider struct {
	impl         provideri
	Name         string
	savePath     string
	resources    *Resources
	inCloud      bool
	madeHeadNode bool
	servers      map[string]*Server // by name
	sync.RWMutex
	log15.Logger
}

// DeployConfig are the configuration options that you supply to Deploy().
// RequiredPorts is the slice of port numbers that your application needs to be
// able to communicate to any servers you spawn (eg. [22] for ssh) through. If a
// network and subnet need to be created, the GatewayIP and CIDR options will be
// used; they default to 192.168.0.1 and 192.168.0.0:18 respectively, allowing
// for 16381 servers to be Spawn()d later, with a maximum ip of 192.168.63.254.
// DNSNameServers is a slice of DNS name server IPs. It defaults to Google's:
// []string{"8.8.4.4", "8.8.8.8"}.
type DeployConfig struct {
	RequiredPorts  []int
	GatewayIP      string
	CIDR           string
	DNSNameServers []string
}

// RequiredEnv returns the environment variables that are needed by the given
// provider before New() will work for it. See New() for possible providerNames.
func RequiredEnv(providerName string) ([]string, error) {
	var p *Provider
	switch providerName {
	case openstackName:
		p = &Provider{impl: new(openstackp)}
	default:
		return nil, Error{providerName, "RequiredEnv", ErrBadProvider}
	}
	return p.impl.requiredEnv(), nil
}

// MaybeEnv returns the environment variables that may be needed by the given
// provider. If one of these is actually needed but not provided, errors may
// appear from New() or later in subsequent attempted method usage.
func MaybeEnv(providerName string) ([]string, error) {
	var p *Provider
	switch providerName {
	case openstackName:
		p = &Provider{impl: new(openstackp)}
	default:
		return nil, Error{providerName, "MaybeEnv", ErrBadProvider}
	}
	return p.impl.maybeEnv(), nil
}

// AllEnv returns the environment variables that RequiredEnv() and MaybeEnv()
// would return.
func AllEnv(providerName string) ([]string, error) {
	var p *Provider
	switch providerName {
	case openstackName:
		p = &Provider{impl: new(openstackp)}
	default:
		return nil, Error{providerName, "MaybeEnv", ErrBadProvider}
	}

	var all []string
	all = append(all, p.impl.requiredEnv()...)
	all = append(all, p.impl.maybeEnv()...)
	return all, nil
}

// New creates a new Provider to interact with the given cloud provider.
// Possible names so far are "openstack" ("aws" is planned). You must provide a
// resource name that will be used to name any created cloud resources. You must
// also provide a file path prefix to save details of created resources to (the
// actual file created will be suffixed with your resourceName).
//
// Note that the file could contain created private key details, so should be
// kept accessible only by you.
//
// Providing a logger allows for debug messages to be logged somewhere, along
// with any "harmless" or unreturnable errors. If not supplied, we use a default
// logger that discards all log messages.
func New(name string, resourceName string, savePath string, logger ...log15.Logger) (*Provider, error) {
	var p *Provider
	switch name {
	case openstackName:
		p = &Provider{impl: new(openstackp)}
	default:
		return nil, Error{name, "New", ErrBadProvider}
	}

	p.Name = name
	p.savePath = savePath + "." + resourceName

	var l log15.Logger
	if len(logger) == 1 {
		l = logger[0].New()
	} else {
		l = log15.New()
		l.SetHandler(log15.DiscardHandler())
	}
	p.Logger = l

	// load any resources we previously saved, or get an empty set to work
	// with
	var err error
	p.resources, err = p.loadResources(resourceName)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	p.servers = make(map[string]*Server)
	for _, server := range p.resources.Servers {
		p.servers[server.Name] = server
	}

	var missingEnv []string
	for _, envKey := range p.impl.requiredEnv() {
		if os.Getenv(envKey) == "" {
			missingEnv = append(missingEnv, envKey)
		}
	}
	if len(missingEnv) > 0 {
		return nil, Error{name, "New", ErrMissingEnv + strings.Join(missingEnv, ", ")}
	}

	err = p.impl.initialize(l)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	p.inCloud = p.impl.inCloud()
	return p, nil
}

// Deploy triggers the creation of required cloud resources such as networks,
// ssh keys, security profiles and so on, such that you can subsequently Spawn()
// and ssh to your created server successfully.  If a resource we need already
// exists with the resourceName you supplied to New(), we assume it belongs to
// us and we don't create another (so it is safe to call Deploy multiple times
// with the same args to New() and Deploy(): you don't need to check if you have
// already deployed). Deploy() saves the resources it created to disk, which are
// what TearDown() will delete when you call it. (They are saved to disk so that
// TearDown() can work if you call it in a different session to when you
// Deploy()ed, and so that PrivateKey() can work if you call it in a different
// session to the Deploy() call that actually created the ssh key.)
func (p *Provider) Deploy(config *DeployConfig) error {
	gatewayIP := config.GatewayIP
	if gatewayIP == "" {
		gatewayIP = defaultGateWayIP
	}
	cidr := config.CIDR
	if cidr == "" {
		cidr = defaultCIDR
	}
	dnsNameServers := config.DNSNameServers
	if dnsNameServers == nil {
		dnsNameServers = defaultDNSNameServers[:]
	}

	// impl.deploy should overwrite any existing values in p.resources with
	// updated values, but should leave other things - such as an existing
	// PrivateKey when we have not just made a new one - alone
	err := p.impl.deploy(p.resources, config.RequiredPorts, gatewayIP, cidr, dnsNameServers)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// save updated resources to disk
	err = p.saveResources()

	p.Lock()
	defer p.Unlock()
	if len(p.resources.Servers) > 0 {
		p.madeHeadNode = true
	}

	return err
}

// InCloud tells you if your process is currently running on a cloud server
// where the *Server related methods will all work correctly. (That is, if this
// returns true, you are on the same network as any server you Spawn().)
func (p *Provider) InCloud() bool {
	return p.inCloud
}

// GetQuota returns details of the maximum resources the user can request, and
// the current resources used.
func (p *Provider) GetQuota() (*Quota, error) {
	return p.impl.getQuota()
}

// CheapestServerFlavor returns details of the smallest (cheapest) server
// "flavor" available that satisfies your minimum ram (MB) and CPU (core count)
// requirements, and that also matches the given regex (empty string for the
// regex means not limited by regex). Use the ID property of the return value
// for passing to Spawn(). If no flavor meets your requirements you will get an
// error matching ErrNoFlavor. You don't test for size of disk here, because
// during Spawn() you will request a certain amount of disk space, and if that
// is larger than the flavor's root disk a larger volume will be created
// automatically.
func (p *Provider) CheapestServerFlavor(cores, ramMB int, regex string) (*Flavor, error) {
	// from all available flavours, pick the one that has the lowest ram, disk
	// and cpus that meet our minimums, and also matches the regex
	var r *regexp.Regexp
	var err error
	if regex != "" {
		r, err = regexp.Compile(regex)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, Error{"cloud", "CheapestServerFlavor", ErrBadRegex}
		}
	}

	var fr *Flavor
	for _, f := range p.impl.flavors() {
		if regex != "" {
			if !r.MatchString(f.Name) {
				continue
			}
		}

		if f.Cores >= cores && f.RAM >= ramMB {
			if fr == nil {
				fr = f
			} else if f.Cores < fr.Cores {
				fr = f
			} else if f.Cores == fr.Cores {
				if f.RAM < fr.RAM {
					fr = f
				} else if f.RAM == fr.RAM && f.Disk < fr.Disk {
					fr = f
				}
			}
		}
	}

	if fr == nil {
		return nil, Error{"cloud", "CheapestServerFlavor", ErrNoFlavor}
	}

	return fr, nil
}

// GetServerFlavor returns the flavor with the given ID or name. If no flavor
// exactly matches you will get an error matching ErrBadFlavor.
func (p *Provider) GetServerFlavor(idOrName string) (*Flavor, error) {
	flavors := p.impl.flavors()
	fr, existed := flavors[idOrName]

	if !existed {
		for _, f := range flavors {
			if f.Name == idOrName {
				fr = f
				break
			}
		}
	}

	if fr == nil {
		return nil, Error{"cloud", "GetServerFlavor", ErrBadFlavor}
	}

	return fr, nil
}

// SpawnUsingQuotaCallback is the callback function you supply to Spawn() that
// will be called as soon as the request for the new server has been issued and
// is counted as using up quota (but before it has powered up).
type SpawnUsingQuotaCallback func()

// Spawn creates a new server using an OS image with a name or ID prefixed with
// the given os name or ID, with the given flavor ID (that you could get from
// CheapestServerFlavor().ID) and at least the given amount of disk space
// (creating a temporary volume of the required size if the flavor's root disk
// is too small).
//
// If you supply a non-zero value for the ttd argument, then this amount of time
// after the last s.Release() call you make (or after the last cmd you started
// with s.RunCmd exits) that causes the server to be considered idle, the server
// will be destroyed.
//
// If you need an external IP so that you can ssh to the server externally,
// supply true as the last argument.
//
// You can supply an optinoal callback function that will be called as soon as
// the new server request has gone out (and so is using up your quota), but
// before the new server has powered up (which is when Spawn() will return the
// new server details).
//
// Returns a *Server so you can s.Destroy it later, find out its ip address so
// you can ssh to it, and get its admin password in case you need to sudo on the
// server. You will need to know the username that you can log in with on your
// chosen OS image. If you call Spawn() while running on a cloud server, then
// the newly spawned server will be in the same network and security group as
// the current server. If you get an err, you will want to call server.Destroy()
// as this is not done for you.
//
// NB: the server will likely not be ready to use yet, having not completed its
// boot up; call server.WaitUntilReady() before trying to use the server for
// anything.
func (p *Provider) Spawn(os string, osUser string, flavorID string, diskGB int, ttd time.Duration, externalIP bool, usingQuotaCB ...SpawnUsingQuotaCallback) (*Server, error) {
	f, found := p.impl.flavors()[flavorID]
	if !found {
		return nil, Error{"cloud", "Spawn", ErrBadFlavor}
	}

	usingQuota := make(chan bool)
	go func() {
		<-usingQuota
		close(usingQuota)
		if len(usingQuotaCB) == 1 {
			usingQuotaCB[0]()
		}
	}()
	serverID, serverIP, serverName, adminPass, err := p.impl.spawn(p.resources, os, flavorID, diskGB, externalIP, usingQuota)

	maxDisk := f.Disk
	if diskGB > maxDisk {
		maxDisk = diskGB
	}

	server := &Server{
		ID:           serverID,
		Name:         serverName,
		IP:           serverIP,
		OS:           os,
		AdminPass:    adminPass,
		UserName:     osUser,
		Flavor:       f,
		Disk:         maxDisk,
		TTD:          ttd,
		provider:     p,
		cancelRunCmd: make(map[int]chan bool),
		logger:       p.Logger.New("server", serverID),
		created:      true,
	}

	p.Lock()
	p.servers[serverName] = server

	if err == nil && externalIP {
		// if this is the first server created, note it is the "head node"
		if !p.madeHeadNode {
			server.IsHeadNode = true
			p.madeHeadNode = true
		}

		// update resources and save to disk
		p.resources.Servers[serverID] = server
		p.Unlock()
		err = p.saveResources()
	} else {
		p.Unlock()
	}

	return server, err
}

// WaitUntilReady waits for the server to become fully ready: the boot process
// will have completed and ssh will work. This is not part of provider.Spawn()
// because you may not want or be able to ssh to your server, and so that you
// can Spawn() another server while waiting for this one to become ready. If you
// get an err, you will want to call server.Destroy() as this is not done for
// you.
//
// files is a string in the format taken by the CopyOver() method; if supplied
// non-blank it will CopyOver the specified files (after the server is ready,
// before any postCreationScript is run).
//
// postCreationScript is the []byte content of a script that will be run on the
// server (as the user supplied to Spawn()) once it is ready, and it will
// complete before this function returns; empty slice means do nothing.
func (s *Server) WaitUntilReady(files string, postCreationScript []byte) error {
	// wait for ssh to come up
	_, _, err := s.SSHClient()
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// wait for sentinelFilePath to exist, indicating that the server is
	// really ready to use
	limit := time.After(sentinelTimeOut)
	ticker := time.NewTicker(1 * time.Second)
SENTINEL:
	for {
		select {
		case <-ticker.C:
			o, e, fileErr := s.RunCmd("file "+sentinelFilePath, false)
			if fileErr == nil && !strings.Contains(o, "No such file") && !strings.Contains(e, "No such file") {
				ticker.Stop()
				// *** o contains "empty"; test for that instead? Does file
				// behave the same way on all linux variants?
				_, _, rmErr := s.RunCmd("sudo rm "+sentinelFilePath, false)
				if rmErr != nil {
					s.logger.Warn("failed to remove sentinel file", "path", sentinelFilePath, "err", rmErr)
				}
				break SENTINEL
			}
			continue SENTINEL
		case <-limit:
			ticker.Stop()
			return errors.New("cloud server never became ready to use")
		}
	}

	// copy over any desired files
	if files != "" {
		err = s.CopyOver(files)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("cloud server files failed to upload: %s", err)
		}
		s.ConfigFiles = files
	}

	// run the postCreationScript
	if len(postCreationScript) > 0 {
		pcsPath := "/tmp/.postCreationScript"
		err = s.CreateFile(string(postCreationScript), pcsPath)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("cloud server start up script failed to upload: %s", err)
		}

		_, _, err = s.RunCmd("chmod u+x "+pcsPath, false)
		if err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("cloud server start up script could not be made executable: %s", err)
		}

		// *** currently we have no timeout on this, probably want one...
		var stderr string
		_, stderr, err = s.RunCmd(pcsPath, false)
		if err != nil {
			err = fmt.Errorf("cloud server start up script failed: %s", err.Error())
			if len(stderr) > 0 {
				err = fmt.Errorf("%s\nSTDERR:\n%s", err.Error(), stderr)
			}
			return err
		}

		_, _, rmErr := s.RunCmd("rm "+pcsPath, false)
		if rmErr != nil {
			s.logger.Warn("failed to remove post creation script", "path", pcsPath, "err", rmErr)
		}

		s.Script = postCreationScript

		// because the postCreationScript may have altered PATH and other things
		// that subsequent RunCmd may rely on, clear the clients
		for _, client := range s.sshClients {
			err = client.Close()
			if err != nil {
				s.logger.Warn("failed to close client ssh connection", "err", err)
			}
		}
		s.sshClients = []*ssh.Client{}
		s.sshClientState = []bool{}
	}

	return nil
}

// CheckServer asks the provider if the status of the given server (id retrieved
// via Spawn() or Servers()) indicates it is working fine. (If it's not and
// was previously thought to be a spawned server with an external IP, then it
// will be removed from the results of Servers().)
func (p *Provider) CheckServer(serverID string) (working bool, err error) {
	working, err = p.impl.checkServer(serverID)

	if err == nil && !working {
		// update resources and save to disk
		p.Lock()
		if _, present := p.resources.Servers[serverID]; present {
			delete(p.resources.Servers, serverID)
			p.Unlock()
			err = p.saveResources()
		} else {
			p.Unlock()
		}
	}

	return working, err
}

// DestroyServer destroys a server given its id, that you would have gotten from
// the ID property of Spawn()'s return value.
func (p *Provider) DestroyServer(serverID string) error {
	err := p.impl.destroyServer(serverID)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// update resources and save to disk
	p.Lock()
	delete(p.resources.Servers, serverID)
	p.Unlock()
	return p.saveResources()
}

// Servers returns a mapping of serverID => *Server for all servers that were
// Spawn()ed with an external IP (including those spawned in past sessions where
// the same arguments to New() were used). You should use s.Alive() before
// trying to use one of these servers. Do not alter the return value!
func (p *Provider) Servers() map[string]*Server {
	p.RLock()
	defer p.RUnlock()
	return p.resources.Servers
}

// GetServerByName returns the Server with the given name, which corresponds to
// its hostname. Returns nil if we did not spawn a server with that name.
func (p *Provider) GetServerByName(name string) *Server {
	p.RLock()
	defer p.RUnlock()
	return p.servers[name]
}

// HeadNode returns the first server created under this deployment that had an
// external IP. Returns nil if no such server was recorded.
func (p *Provider) HeadNode() *Server {
	p.RLock()
	defer p.RUnlock()
	for _, server := range p.resources.Servers {
		if server.IsHeadNode {
			return server
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// LocalhostServer returns a Server object with details of the host we are
// currently running on. No cloud API calls are made to construct this.
func (p *Provider) LocalhostServer(os string, postCreationScript []byte, configFiles string, cidr ...string) (*Server, error) {
	maxRAM, err := internal.ProcMeminfoMBs()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	diskSize := internal.DiskSize(".")

	ip, err := internal.CurrentIP(cidr[0])
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	user, err := internal.Username()
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return &Server{
		Name:        "localhost",
		IP:          ip,
		OS:          os,
		UserName:    user,
		Script:      postCreationScript,
		ConfigFiles: configFiles,
		Flavor: &Flavor{
			RAM:   maxRAM,
			Cores: runtime.NumCPU(),
			Disk:  diskSize,
		},
		Disk:         diskSize,
		provider:     p,
		cancelRunCmd: make(map[int]chan bool),
		logger:       p.Logger.New("server", "localhost"),
	}, nil
}

// PrivateKey returns a PEM format string of the private key that was created
// by Deploy() (on its first invocation with the same arguments to New()).
func (p *Provider) PrivateKey() string {
	p.RLock()
	defer p.RUnlock()
	return p.resources.PrivateKey
}

// TearDown deletes all resources recorded during Deploy() or loaded from a
// previous session during New(). It also deletes any servers with names
// prefixed with the resourceName given to the initial New() call. If currently
// running on a cloud server, however, it will not delete anything needed by
// this server, including the resource file that contains the private key.
func (p *Provider) TearDown() error {
	p.RLock()
	defer p.RUnlock()
	err := p.impl.tearDown(p.resources)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// delete our savePath unless our resources still contains the private key,
	// indicating it is still in the cloud and could be needed in the future
	if p.resources.PrivateKey == "" {
		err = p.deleteResourceFile()
	}
	return err
}

// saveResources saves our resources to our savePath, overwriting any existing
// content. This is not thread safe!
func (p *Provider) saveResources() error {
	file, err := os.OpenFile(p.savePath, os.O_WRONLY|os.O_CREATE|os.O_TRUNC, 0600)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	defer internal.LogClose(p.Logger, file, "resource file", "path", p.savePath)

	encoder := gob.NewEncoder(file)
	p.RLock()
	defer p.RUnlock()
	return encoder.Encode(p.resources)
}

// loadResources loads our resources from our savePath, or returns an empty
// set of resources if savePath doesn't exist.
func (p *Provider) loadResources(resourceName string) (*Resources, error) {
	resources := &Resources{ResourceName: resourceName, Details: make(map[string]string), Servers: make(map[string]*Server)}
	if _, serr := os.Stat(p.savePath); os.IsNotExist(serr) {
		return resources, nil
	}

	file, err := os.Open(p.savePath)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	defer internal.LogClose(p.Logger, file, "resource file", "path", p.savePath)

	decoder := gob.NewDecoder(file)
	err = decoder.Decode(resources)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	// add in the ref to ourselves to each of our servers
	for _, server := range resources.Servers {
		server.provider = p
		server.cancelRunCmd = make(map[int]chan bool)
		server.logger = p.Logger.New("server", server.ID)
	}
	return resources, nil
}

// deleteResourceFile deletes our savePath.
func (p *Provider) deleteResourceFile() error {
	return os.Remove(p.savePath)
}

// uniqueResourceName takes the given prefix and appends a unique string to it
// (a uuid).
func uniqueResourceName(prefix string) string {
	u, _ := uuid.NewV4() // this used to return no error, and now I don't want to change my own method signature...
	return prefix + "-" + u.String()
}

// nameToHostName makes the given name compatible with being a hostname in the
// same way that OpenStack horizon does: convert to lower case and convert non
// [a-z1-9\-] characters to - characters. Also truncates to 63 characters.
func nameToHostName(name string) string {
	hostname := strings.ToLower(name)
	hostname = hostNameRegex.ReplaceAllString(hostname, "-")
	if len(hostname) > 63 {
		hostname = hostname[0:63]
	}
	return hostname
}