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Bash

Resources

Name Description
Bash Wiki Hackers "hold documentation of any kind about GNU Bash"
Bash Reference Manual everything there is to know about bash
Hacker Rank Linux Shell Bash Challenges
ExplainShell Provides explanation on commands

Best Practices

Some best practices for you to learn and use in your scripts

1. Exit script when a certain command fails

When a script written in Bash fails to run a certain command it will keep running and will execute all other commands mentioned after the command which failed. Most of the time we would actually want the opposite to happen. In order to make Bash exit when a specific command fails, use 'set -e' in your script.

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -e

ls /usr/lib/cowabunga
date # It will never run this (unless you have /usr/lib/cowabunga on your system for some reason...)

2. Allow some commands to fail

Not every failure is a good reason to exit a script. You will probably want to allows some commands to fail and keep running To achieve that simple append '|| true' to your command

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -e

dance || true
ls /tmp #  This command will run even if `dance` failed

3. Get used to using curly braces {}

It's a good habit to use curly braces when referring to variables. Let's see few examples.

echo \${foo}bar if not used you would expand $foobar echo ${10} to expand any positional parameter beyond you'll have to use {} echo ${A[0]} to expand array elements

There are additional advantages covered in next sections.

4. Undeclared Variables

The following one-line "script" will work just fine

ls ${x}

It's reasonable to think that whoever wrote this amazing script wanted x to be defined somewhere and either forgot to do it or the user didn't follow the instructions. In order to avoid strange failures with your script you would want to execute 'set -u' in order to make sure variable are not undefined

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -u

ls ${x}

Now the script will return error trying to use undefined x variable.

5. Use ':-' for allowing undeclared variables

Sometimes you would want to allow variables to be undeclared. In that case use this syntax to do so: '${X:-}'. You can also set default value if variable is undeclared like this: '${X:-mario}'

#!/usr/bin/env bash

echo "Nothing more than emptiness ${X:-}"
echo "But here, there is ${X:-something}"

X='anymore'

echo "It doesn't feel empty ${X:-}"

Things you should never do

1. Don't use backticks (``) for running commands

backticks were (and still are) used for executing a command and using its output as a command as well. For some reason people are still using backticks in scripts although they are deprecated long time ago and were replaced by $(...) which was introduced by ksh for the first time and now part of POSIX standardization.

x=`date` -> No!
x=$(date) -> Yes :D

Cheat Sheet

Variables

  • Set variable with default value (string): x=${x:-'some_default'}
  • Set variable with default value (variable): y=${y:-$z}
  • return value of a program: $?
  • Check if variable is empty: if [ -z "$var" ]; then
  • Variable length: ${#string}

Arguments

  • Read input: read -p "enter a number: " num
  • Number of arguments: $#
  • Check if an argument was passed
if [ "$#" -lt 1 ]; then
    echo "Illegal number of parameters"
fi
  • Check if two arguments were passed
if [ "$#" -ne 2 ]; then
  echo 'Please pass two arguments'
  exit 1
fi
  • Check if two arguments were passed and both are numbers
re='^[0-9]+$'
if ! [[ $1 =~ $re && $2 =~ $re ]]; then
    echo "Oh no...I need two numbers"
    exit 2
fi
  • Check if arguments' strings length is equal
if [ ${#1} -ne ${#2} ]; then
  echo 'Not equal`
  exit 1
fi

Files

  • check if file exists
FILE=/some/file
if [ -f "$FILE" ]; then
    echo "$FILE exists"
fi
  • check if directory exists
DIR=/some/dir
if [ -d "$DIR"]; then
    echo "$DIR" exists"
fi

Loops

  • Iterate over a string: for i in $(seq 1 ${#1}); do

Arithmetic Operations

  • print the sum of two numbers: echo $((20+17))
  • Check factor: if [ $(($1 % 3)) -eq 0 ]; then

Extract Patterns

  • Extract date with sed: echo $line | sed 's/.*\[//g;s/].*//g;s/:.*//g'
  • Extract first field (space separator) with awk: echo $line | awk '{print $1}'

Dictionary / Hash Table

  • Define a dictionary: declare -A somedict

  • Print one value based on given key: echo ${somedict[some_key]}

  • Print all the keys of a dictionary: echo ${!somedict[*]}

  • Check if key exists: if [[ -v some_dict[$day] ]]; then

  • Update dict based values and generate top 10:

function update_dict() {
    declare -A some_dict
    while read line; do
        day=$line
        if [[ -v some_dict[$day] ]]; then
            some_dict[$day]=$((some_dict[$day]+1))
        else
            some_dict[$day]=1
        fi
    done < $FILE

    for day in ${!some_dict[@]}; do echo ${some_dict[$day]} $day; done | sort -rn | head -10
}

Common algorithms

  • Hamming distance
distance=0
for i in $(seq 1 ${#1}); do
  if [ ${1:$i-1:1} != ${2:$i-1:1} ]; then
    distance=$((distance+1))
  fi
done
echo $distance

Text Manipulation

  • Take the first letter of every word in a line: echo $line | sed 's/\(.\)[^ ]* */\1/g'