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Synopsis

A simple script to scrape Tweets using the Python package requests to retrieve the content and Beautifulsoup4 to parse the retrieved content.

1. Motivation

Twitter has provided REST API's which can be used by developers to access and read Twitter data. They have also provided a Streaming API which can be used to access Twitter Data in real-time.

Most of the software written to access Twitter data provide a library which functions as a wrapper around Twitter's Search and Streaming API's and are therefore constrained by the limitations of the API's.

With Twitter's Search API you can only send 180 Requests every 15 minutes. With a maximum number of 100 tweets per Request, you can mine 72 tweets per hour (4 x 180 x 100 =72) . By using TwitterScraper you are not limited by this number but by your internet speed/bandwith and the number of instances of TwitterScraper you are willing to start.

One of the bigger disadvantages of the Search API is that you can only access Tweets written in the past 7 days. This is a major bottleneck for anyone looking for older data. With TwitterScraper there is no such limitation.

Per Tweet it scrapes the following information:

• Tweet-id
• Tweet-url
• Tweet text
• Tweet html
• Links inside Tweet
• Hashtags inside Tweet
• Image URLS inside Tweet
• Video URL inside Tweet
• Tweet timestamp
• Tweet Epoch timestamp
• Tweet No. of likes
• Tweet No. of replies
• Tweet No. of retweets
• Username
• User Full Name / Screen Name
• User ID
• Tweet is an reply to
• Tweet is replied to
• List of users Tweet is an reply to
• Tweet ID of parent tweet

In addition it can scrape for the following user information:

• Date user joined
• User location (if filled in)
• User blog (if filled in)
• User No. of tweets
• User No. of following
• User No. of followers
• User No. of likes
• User No. of lists
• User is verified

2. Installation and Usage

To install twitterscraper:

(sudo) pip install twitterscraper

or you can clone the repository and in the folder containing setup.py

python setup.py install

If you prefer more isolation you can build a docker image

docker build -t twitterscraper:build .

and run your container with:

docker run --rm -it -v/<PATH_TO_SOME_SHARED_FOLDER_FOR_RESULTS>:/app/data twitterscraper:build <YOUR_QUERY>

2.2 The CLI

You can use the command line application to get your tweets stored to JSON right away. Twitterscraper takes several arguments:

• -h or --help Print out the help message and exits.
• -l or --limit TwitterScraper stops scraping when at least the number of tweets indicated with --limit is scraped. Since tweets are retrieved in batches of 20, this will always be a multiple of 20. Omit the limit to retrieve all tweets. You can at any time abort the scraping by pressing Ctrl+C, the scraped tweets will be stored safely in your JSON file.
• --lang Retrieves tweets written in a specific language. Currently 30+ languages are supported. For a full list of the languages print out the help message.
• -bd or --begindate Set the date from which TwitterScraper should start scraping for your query. Format is YYYY-MM-DD. The default value is set to 2006-03-21. This does not work in combination with --user.
• -ed or --enddate Set the enddate which TwitterScraper should use to stop scraping for your query. Format is YYYY-MM-DD. The default value is set to today. This does not work in combination with --user.
• -u or --user Scrapes the tweets from that users' profile page. This also includes all retweets by that user. See section 2.2.4 in the examples below for more information.
• --profiles : Twitterscraper will in addition to the tweets, also scrape for the profile information of the users who have written these tweets. The results will be saved in the file userprofiles_<filename>.
• -p or --poolsize Set the number of parallel processes TwitterScraper should initiate while scraping for your query. Default value is set to 20. Depending on the computational power you have, you can increase this number. It is advised to keep this number below the number of days you are scraping. For example, if you are scraping from 2017-01-10 to 2017-01-20, you can set this number to a maximum of 10. If you are scraping from 2016-01-01 to 2016-12-31, you can increase this number to a maximum of 150, if you have the computational resources. Does not work in combination with --user.
• -o or --output Gives the name of the output file. If no output filename is given, the default filename 'tweets.json' or 'tweets.csv' will be used.
• -c or --csv Write the result to a CSV file instead of a JSON file.
• -d or --dump: With this argument, the scraped tweets will be printed to the screen instead of an outputfile. If you are using this argument, the --output argument doe not need to be used.
• -ow or --overwrite: With this argument, if the output file already exists it will be overwritten. If this argument is not set (default) twitterscraper will exit with the warning that the output file already exists.
• -dp or --disableproxy: With this argument, proxy servers are not used when scrapping tweets or user profiles from twitter.

2.2.1 Examples of simple queries

Below is an example of how twitterscraper can be used:

twitterscraper Trump --limit 1000 --output=tweets.json

twitterscraper Trump -l 1000 -o tweets.json

twitterscraper Trump -l 1000 -bd 2017-01-01 -ed 2017-06-01 -o tweets.json

2.2.2 Examples of advanced queries

You can use any advanced query Twitter supports. An advanced query should be placed within quotes, so that twitterscraper can recognize it as one single query.

Here are some examples:

• search for the occurence of 'Bitcoin' or 'BTC': twitterscraper "Bitcoin OR BTC" -o bitcoin_tweets.json -l 1000
• search for the occurence of 'Bitcoin' and 'BTC': twitterscraper "Bitcoin AND BTC" -o bitcoin_tweets.json -l 1000
• search for tweets from a specific user: twitterscraper "Blockchain from:VitalikButerin" -o blockchain_tweets.json -l 1000
• search for tweets to a specific user: twitterscraper "Blockchain to:VitalikButerin" -o blockchain_tweets.json -l 1000
• search for tweets written from a location: twitterscraper "Blockchain near:Seattle within:15mi" -o blockchain_tweets.json -l 1000

You can construct an advanced query on Twitter Advanced Search or use one of the operators shown on this page. Also see Twitter's Standard operators

2.2.3 Examples of scraping user pages

You can also scraped all tweets written or retweeted by a specific user. This can be done by adding the boolean argument -u / --user argument. If this argument is used, the search term should be equal to the username.

Here is an example of scraping a specific user:

twitterscraper realDonaldTrump --user -o tweets_username.json

This does not work in combination with -p, -bd, or -ed.

The main difference with the example "search for tweets from a specific user" in section 2.2.2 is that this method really scrapes all tweets from a profile page (including retweets). The example in 2.2.2 scrapes the results from the search page (excluding retweets).

2.3 From within Python

You can easily use TwitterScraper from within python:

from twitterscraper import query_tweets

if __name__ == '__main__':
    list_of_tweets = query_tweets("Trump OR Clinton", 10)

    #print the retrieved tweets to the screen:
    for tweet in query_tweets("Trump OR Clinton", 10):
        print(tweet)

    #Or save the retrieved tweets to file:
    file = open(“output.txt”,”w”)
    for tweet in query_tweets("Trump OR Clinton", 10):
        file.write(str(tweet.text.encode('utf-8')))
    file.close()

2.3.1 Examples of Python Queries

• Query tweets from a given URL:

  Parameters:

  • query: The query search parameter of url
  • lang: Language of queried url
  • pos: Parameter passed for where to start looking in url
  • retry: Number of times to retry if error

  query_single_page(query, lang, pos, retry=50, from_user=False, timeout=60)

• Query all tweets that match qeury:

  Parameters:

  • query: The query search parameter
  • limit: Number of tweets returned
  • begindate: Start date of query
  • enddate: End date of query
  • poolsize: Tweets per poolsize
  • lang: Language of query

  query_tweets('query', limit=None, begindate=dt.date.today(), enddate=dt.date.today(), poolsize=20, lang='')

• Query tweets from a specific user:

  Parameters:

  • user: Twitter username
  • limit: Number of tweets returned

  query_tweets(user, limit=None)

2.4 Scraping for retweets

A regular search within Twitter will not show you any retweets. Twitterscraper therefore does not contain any retweets in the output.

To give an example: If user1 has written a tweet containing #trump2020 and user2 has retweetet this tweet, a search for #trump2020 will only show the original tweet.

The only way you can scrape for retweets is if you scrape for all tweets of a specific user with the -u / --user argument.

2.5 Scraping for User Profile information

By adding the argument --profiles twitterscraper will in addition to the tweets, also scrape for the profile information of the users who have written these tweets. The results will be saved in the file "userprofiles_<filename>".

Try not to use this argument too much. If you have already scraped profile information for a set of users, there is no need to do it again :) It is also possible to scrape for profile information without scraping for tweets. Examples of this can be found in the examples folder.

3. Output

All of the retrieved Tweets are stored in the indicated output file. The contents of the output file will look like:

[{"fullname": "Rupert Meehl", "id": "892397793071050752", "likes": "1", "replies": "0", "retweets": "0", "text": "Latest: Trump now at lowest Approval and highest Disapproval ratings yet. Oh, we're winning bigly here ...\n\nhttps://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/trump-approval-ratings/?ex_cid=rrpromo\u00a0\u2026", "timestamp": "2017-08-01T14:53:08", "user": "Rupert_Meehl"}, {"fullname": "Barry Shapiro", "id": "892397794375327744", "likes": "0", "replies": "0", "retweets": "0", "text": "A former GOP Rep quoted this line, which pretty much sums up Donald Trump. https://twitter.com/davidfrum/status/863017301595107329\u00a0\u2026", "timestamp": "2017-08-01T14:53:08", "user": "barryshap"}, (...)
]

3.1 Opening the output file

In order to correctly handle all possible characters in the tweets (think of Japanese or Arabic characters), the output is saved as utf-8 encoded bytes. That is why you could see text like "u30b1 u30f3 u3055 u307e u30fe ..." in the output file.

What you should do is open the file with the proper encoding:

Example of output with Japanese characters

3.1.2 Opening into a pandas dataframe

After the file has been opened, it can easily be converted into a `pandas` DataFrame

import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_json('tweets.json', encoding='utf-8')