Update Catch2 to v2.12.0 (from 2.9.1)

[jbytheway]

Summary

SUMMARY: Infrastructure "Update Catch2 to v2.12.0 (from 2.9.1)"

Purpose of change

To keep up to date with upstream improvements.

Describe the solution

This includes the upstreamed version of #39441, with some improvements from what was commited here. And various other improvements too. See the Catch2 changelog for details.

Had to add one NOLINT for our custom Cata clang-tidy tests, but otherwise this is the upstream header.

Describe alternatives you've considered

There were no specific requirements from the new version I thought we needed, so this isn't strictly necessary. It's mostly to make us no longer be using a custom fork of Catch2.

Testing

Ran unit tests.

[ZhilkinSerg]

FYI - it breaks Windows cross-compile on Jenkins.

https://ci.narc.ro/job/Cataclysm-Matrix/Graphics=Tiles,Platform=Windows_x64/10559/console

15:49:41 In file included from test_main.cpp:33:0:
15:49:41 catch/catch.hpp: In function 'std::__cxx11::string Catch::getFormattedDuration(double)':
15:49:41 catch/catch.hpp:15556:9: error: 'libintl_sprintf' is not a member of 'std'
15:49:41          std::sprintf(buffer, "%.3f", duration);
15:49:41          ^
15:49:41 catch/catch.hpp:15556:9: note: suggested alternative:
15:49:41 In file included from ../src/translations.h:41:0,
15:49:41                  from ../src/bodypart.h:13,
15:49:41                  from ../src/character.h:21,
15:49:41                  from ../src/avatar.h:11,
15:49:41                  from test_main.cpp:30:
15:49:41 /home/narc/src/mxe/usr/x86_64-w64-mingw32.static/include/libintl.h:361:12: note:   'libintl_sprintf'
15:49:41  extern int sprintf (char *, const char *, ...);
15:49:41             ^

[jbytheway]

Thanks for noticing. Fixed in #39817 (hopefully).