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multimap Class

API reference for the C++ Standard Template Library (STL) `multimap` class, which is used for the storage and retrieval of data from a collection in which each element is a pair that has both a data value and a sort key.

9/9/2020

map/std::multimap

map/std::multimap::allocator_type

map/std::multimap::const_iterator

map/std::multimap::const_pointer

map/std::multimap::const_reference

map/std::multimap::const_reverse_iterator

map/std::multimap::difference_type

map/std::multimap::iterator

map/std::multimap::key_compare

map/std::multimap::key_type

map/std::multimap::mapped_type

map/std::multimap::pointer

map/std::multimap::reference

map/std::multimap::reverse_iterator

map/std::multimap::size_type

map/std::multimap::value_type

map/std::multimap::begin

map/std::multimap::cbegin

map/std::multimap::cend

map/std::multimap::clear

map/std::multimap::contains

map/std::multimap::count

map/std::multimap::crbegin

map/std::multimap::crend

map/std::multimap::emplace

map/std::multimap::emplace_hint

map/std::multimap::empty

map/std::multimap::end

map/std::multimap::equal_range

map/std::multimap::erase

map/std::multimap::find

map/std::multimap::get_allocator

map/std::multimap::insert

map/std::multimap::key_comp

map/std::multimap::lower_bound

map/std::multimap::max_size

map/std::multimap::rbegin

map/std::multimap::rend

map/std::multimap::size

map/std::multimap::swap

map/std::multimap::upper_bound

map/std::multimap::value_comp

std::multimap [C++]

std::multimap [C++], allocator_type

std::multimap [C++], const_iterator

std::multimap [C++], const_pointer

std::multimap [C++], const_reference

std::multimap [C++], const_reverse_iterator

std::multimap [C++], difference_type

std::multimap [C++], iterator

std::multimap [C++], key_compare

std::multimap [C++], key_type

std::multimap [C++], mapped_type

std::multimap [C++], pointer

std::multimap [C++], reference

std::multimap [C++], reverse_iterator

std::multimap [C++], size_type

std::multimap [C++], value_type

std::multimap [C++], begin

std::multimap [C++], cbegin

std::multimap [C++], cend

std::multimap [C++], clear

std::multimap [C++], contains

std::multimap [C++], count

std::multimap [C++], crbegin

std::multimap [C++], crend

std::multimap [C++], emplace

std::multimap [C++], emplace_hint

std::multimap [C++], empty

std::multimap [C++], end

std::multimap [C++], equal_range

std::multimap [C++], erase

std::multimap [C++], find

std::multimap [C++], get_allocator

std::multimap [C++], insert

std::multimap [C++], key_comp

std::multimap [C++], lower_bound

std::multimap [C++], max_size

std::multimap [C++], rbegin

std::multimap [C++], rend

std::multimap [C++], size

std::multimap [C++], swap

std::multimap [C++], upper_bound

std::multimap [C++], value_comp

`multimap` Class

The C++ Standard Library multimap class is used for the storage and retrieval of data from a collection in which each element is a pair that has both a data value and a sort key. The value of the key doesn't need to be unique and is used to order the data automatically. The value of an element in a multimap, but not its associated key value, may be changed directly. Instead, key values associated with old elements must be deleted and new key values associated with new elements inserted.

Syntax

template <class Key,
    class Type,
    class Traits=less <Key>,
    class Allocator=allocator <pair  <const Key, Type>>>
class multimap;

Parameters

Key
The key data type to be stored in the multimap.

Type
The element data type to be stored in the multimap.

Traits
The type that provides a function object that can compare two element values as sort keys to determine their relative order in the multimap. The binary predicate less<Key> is the default value.

In C++14 you can enable heterogeneous lookup by specifying the std::less<> or std::greater<> predicate that has no type parameters. For more information, see Heterogeneous Lookup in Associative Containers

Allocator
The type that represents the stored allocator object that encapsulates details about the map's allocation and deallocation of memory. This argument is optional and the default value is allocator<pair <const Key, Type> >.

Remarks

The C++ Standard Library multimap class is

An associative container, which a variable size container that supports the efficient retrieval of element values based on an associated key value.
Reversible, because it provides bidirectional iterators to access its elements.
Sorted, because its elements are ordered by key values within the container in accordance with a specified comparison function.
Multiple, because its elements don't need to have a unique key, so that one key value may have many element data values associated with it.
A pair associative container, because its element data values are distinct from its key values.
A class template, because the functionality it provides is generic and so independent of the specific type of data contained as elements or keys. The data types to be used for elements and keys are, instead, specified as parameters in the class template along with the comparison function and allocator.

The iterator provided by the map class is a bidirectional iterator, but the class member functions insert and multimap have versions that take as template parameters a weaker input iterator, whose functionality requirements are more minimal than those guaranteed by the class of bidirectional iterators. The different iterator concepts form a family related by refinements in their functionality. Each iterator concept has its own set of requirements and the algorithms that work with them must limit their assumptions to the requirements provided by that type of iterator. It may be assumed that an input iterator may be dereferenced to refer to some object and that it may be incremented to the next iterator in the sequence. This is a minimal set of functionality, but it is enough to be able to talk meaningfully about a range of iterators [First, Last) in the context of the class's member functions.

The choice of container type should be based in general on the type of searching and inserting required by the application. Associative containers are optimized for the operations of lookup, insertion, and removal. The member functions that explicitly support these operations are efficient, performing them in a time that is on average proportional to the logarithm of the number of elements in the container. Inserting elements invalidates no iterators, and removing elements invalidates only those iterators that had pointed at the removed elements.

The multimap should be the associative container of choice when the conditions associating the values with their keys are satisfied by the application. A model for this type of structure is an ordered list of key words with associated string values providing, say, definitions, where the words weren't always uniquely defined. If, instead, the key words were uniquely defined so that keys were unique, then a map would be the container of choice. If, on the other hand, just the list of words were being stored, then a set would be the correct container. If multiple occurrences of the words were allowed, then a multiset would be the appropriate container structure.

The multimap orders the sequence it controls by calling a stored function object of type key_compare. This stored object is a comparison function that may be accessed by calling the member function key_comp. In general, the elements need be merely less than comparable to establish this order: so that, given any two elements, it may be determined either that they are equivalent (in the sense that neither is less than the other) or that one is less than the other. This results in an ordering between the nonequivalent elements. On a more technical note, the comparison function is a binary predicate that induces a strict weak ordering in the standard mathematical sense. A binary predicate f(x,y) is a function object that has two argument objects x and y and a return value of true or false. An ordering imposed on a set is a strict weak ordering if the binary predicate is irreflexive, antisymmetric, and transitive and if equivalence is transitive, where two objects x and y are defined to be equivalent when both f(x,y) and f(y,x) are false. If the stronger condition of equality between keys replaces that of equivalence, then the ordering becomes total (in the sense that all the elements are ordered with respect to each other) and the keys matched will be indiscernible from each other.

In C++14 you can enable heterogeneous lookup by specifying the std::less<> or std::greater<> predicate that has no type parameters. See Heterogeneous Lookup in Associative Containers for more information.

Members

Constructors

Constructor	Description
`multimap`	Constructs a `multimap` that is empty or that is a copy of all or part of some other `multimap`.

Typedefs

Type name	Description
`allocator_type`	A type that represents the `allocator` class for the `multimap` object.
`const_iterator`	A type that provides a bidirectional iterator that can read a `const` element in the `multimap`.
`const_pointer`	A type that provides a pointer to a `const` element in a `multimap`.
`const_reference`	A type that provides a reference to a `const` element stored in a `multimap` for reading and performing `const` operations.
`const_reverse_iterator`	A type that provides a bidirectional iterator that can read any `const` element in the `multimap`.
`difference_type`	A signed integer type that can be used to represent the number of elements of a `multimap` in a range between elements pointed to by iterators.
`iterator`	A type that provides the difference between two iterators that refer to elements within the same `multimap`.
`key_compare`	A type that provides a function object that can compare two sort keys to determine the relative order of two elements in the `multimap`.
`key_type`	A type that describes the sort key object that makes up each element of the `multimap`.
`mapped_type`	A type that represents the data type stored in a `multimap`.
`pointer`	A type that provides a pointer to a `const` element in a `multimap`.
`reference`	A type that provides a reference to an element stored in a `multimap`.
`reverse_iterator`	A type that provides a bidirectional iterator that can read or modify an element in a reversed `multimap`.
`size_type`	An unsigned integer type that provides a pointer to a `const` element in a `multimap`.
`value_type`	A type that provides a function object that can compare two elements as sort keys to determine their relative order in the `multimap`.

Member functions

Member function	Description
`begin`	Returns an iterator addressing the first element in the `multimap`.
`cbegin`	Returns a `const` iterator addressing the first element in the `multimap`.
`cend`	Returns a `const` iterator that addresses the location succeeding the last element in a `multimap`.
`clear`	Erases all the elements of a `multimap`.
`contains`^C++20	Checks if there is an element with the specified key in the `multimap`.
`count`	Returns the number of elements in a `multimap` whose key matches a parameter-specified key.
`crbegin`	Returns a `const` iterator addressing the first element in a reversed `multimap`.
`crend`	Returns a `const` iterator that addresses the location succeeding the last element in a reversed `multimap`.
`emplace`	Inserts an element constructed in place into a `multimap`.
`emplace_hint`	Inserts an element constructed in place into a `multimap`, with a placement hint
`empty`	Tests if a `multimap` is empty.
`end`	Returns an iterator that addresses the location succeeding the last element in a `multimap`.
`equal_range`	Finds the range of elements where the key of the element matches a specified value.
`erase`	Removes an element or a range of elements in a `multimap` from specified positions or removes elements that match a specified key.
`find`	Returns an iterator addressing the first location of an element in a `multimap` that has a key equivalent to a specified key.
`get_allocator`	Returns a copy of the `allocator` object used to construct the `multimap`.
`insert`	Inserts an element or a range of elements into a `multimap`.
`key_comp`	Retrieves a copy of the comparison object used to order keys in a `multimap`.
`lower_bound`	Returns an iterator to the first element in a `multimap` that with a key that is equal to or greater than a specified key.
`max_size`	Returns the maximum length of the `multimap`.
`rbegin`	Returns an iterator addressing the first element in a reversed `multimap`.
`rend`	Returns an iterator that addresses the location succeeding the last element in a reversed `multimap`.
`size`	Returns the number of elements in the `multimap`.
`swap`	Exchanges the elements of two `multimap`s.
`upper_bound`	Returns an iterator to the first element in a `multimap` that with a key that is greater than a specified key.
`value_comp`	The member function returns a function object that determines the order of elements in a `multimap` by comparing their key values.

Operator	Description
`operator=`	Replaces the elements of a `multimap` with a copy of another `multimap`.

Requirements

Header: <map>

Namespace: std

The ( key, value) pairs are stored in a multimap as objects of type pair. The pair class requires the header <utility>, which is automatically included by <map>.

`multimap::allocator_type`

A type that represents the allocator class for the multimap object.

typedef Allocator allocator_type;

Example

See the example for get_allocator for an example using allocator_type.

`multimap::begin`

Returns an iterator addressing the first element in the multimap.

const_iterator begin() const;

iterator begin();

Return Value

A bidirectional iterator addressing the first element in the multimap or the location succeeding an empty multimap.

Example

// multimap_begin.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1;

   multimap <int, int> :: iterator m1_Iter;
   multimap <int, int> :: const_iterator m1_cIter;
   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 0, 0 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 1 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 4 ) );

   m1_cIter = m1.begin ( );
   cout << "The first element of m1 is " << m1_cIter -> first << endl;

   m1_Iter = m1.begin ( );
   m1.erase ( m1_Iter );

   // The following 2 lines would err as the iterator is const
   // m1_cIter = m1.begin ( );
   // m1.erase ( m1_cIter );

   m1_cIter = m1.begin( );
   cout << "First element of m1 is now " << m1_cIter -> first << endl;
}

The first element of m1 is 0
First element of m1 is now 1

`multimap::cbegin`

Returns a const iterator that addresses the first element in the range.

const_iterator cbegin() const;

Return Value

A const bidirectional-access iterator that points at the first element of the range, or the location just beyond the end of an empty range (for an empty range, cbegin() == cend()).

Remarks

With the return value of cbegin, the elements in the range can't be modified.

You can use this member function in place of the begin() member function to guarantee that the return value is const_iterator. Typically, it's used in conjunction with the auto type deduction keyword, as shown in the following example. In the example, consider Container to be a modifiable (non- const) container of any kind that supports begin() and cbegin().

auto i1 = Container.begin();
// i1 is Container<T>::iterator
auto i2 = Container.cbegin();

// i2 is Container<T>::const_iterator

`multimap::cend`

Returns a const iterator that addresses the location just beyond the last element in a range.

const_iterator cend() const;

Return Value

A const bidirectional-access iterator that points just beyond the end of the range.

Remarks

cend is used to test whether an iterator has passed the end of its range.

You can use this member function in place of the end() member function to guarantee that the return value is const_iterator. Typically, it's used in conjunction with the auto type deduction keyword, as shown in the following example. In the example, consider Container to be a modifiable (non- const) container of any kind that supports end() and cend().

auto i1 = Container.end();
// i1 is Container<T>::iterator
auto i2 = Container.cend();

// i2 is Container<T>::const_iterator

The value returned by cend shouldn't be dereferenced.

`multimap::clear`

Erases all the elements of a multimap.

void clear();

Example

The following example demonstrates the use of the multimap::clear member function.

// multimap_clear.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap<int, int> m1;
   multimap<int, int>::size_type i;
   typedef pair<int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert(Int_Pair(1, 1));
   m1.insert(Int_Pair(2, 4));

   i = m1.size();
   cout << "The size of the multimap is initially "
        << i << "." << endl;

   m1.clear();
   i = m1.size();
   cout << "The size of the multimap after clearing is "
        << i << "." << endl;
}

The size of the multimap is initially 2.
The size of the multimap after clearing is 0.

`multimap::const_iterator`

A type that provides a bidirectional iterator that can read a const element in the multimap.

typedef implementation-defined const_iterator;

Remarks

A type const_iterator can't be used to modify the value of an element.

The const_iterator defined by multimap points to objects of value_type, which are of type pair<const Key, Type>. The value of the key is available through the first member pair and the value of the mapped element is available through the second member of the pair.

To dereference a const_iterator cIter pointing to an element in a multimap, use the -> operator.

To access the value of the key for the element, use cIter->first, which is equivalent to (*cIter).first. To access the value of the mapped datum for the element, use cIter->second, which is equivalent to (*cIter).second.

Example

See the example for begin for an example using const_iterator.

`multimap::const_pointer`

A type that provides a pointer to a const element in a multimap.

typedef typename allocator_type::const_pointer const_pointer;

Remarks

A type const_pointer can't be used to modify the value of an element.

In most cases, an iterator should be used to access the elements in a multimap object.

`multimap::const_reference`

A type that provides a reference to a const element stored in a multimap for reading and performing const operations.

typedef typename allocator_type::const_reference const_reference;

Example

// multimap_const_ref.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1;
   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 10 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 20 ) );

   // Declare and initialize a const_reference &Ref1
   // to the key of the first element
   const int &Ref1 = ( m1.begin( ) -> first );

   // The following line would cause an error because the
   // non-const_reference can't be used to access the key
   // int &Ref1 = ( m1.begin( ) -> first );

   cout << "The key of the first element in the multimap is "
        << Ref1 << "." << endl;

   // Declare and initialize a reference &Ref2
   // to the data value of the first element
   int &Ref2 = ( m1.begin( ) -> second );

   cout << "The data value of the first element in the multimap is "
        << Ref2 << "." << endl;
}

The key of the first element in the multimap is 1.
The data value of the first element in the multimap is 10.

`multimap::const_reverse_iterator`

A type that provides a bidirectional iterator that can read any const element in the multimap.

typedef std::reverse_iterator<const_iterator> const_reverse_iterator;

Remarks

A type const_reverse_iterator can't modify the value of an element and is used to iterate through the multimap in reverse.

The const_reverse_iterator defined by multimap points to objects of value_type, which are of type pair<const Key, Type>. The value of the key is available through the first member pair and the value of the mapped element is available through the second member of the pair.

To dereference a const_reverse_iterator crIter pointing to an element in a multimap, use the -> operator.

To access the value of the key for the element, use crIter->first, which is equivalent to (*crIter).first. To access the value of the mapped datum for the element, use crIter->second, which is equivalent to (*crIter).first.

Example

See the example for rend for an example of how to declare and use const_reverse_iterator.

`multimap::contains`

Check if there is an element with the specified key in the multimap.

bool contains(const Key& key) const;
template<class K> bool contains(const K& key) const;

Parameters

K
The type of the key.

key
The element's key value to look for.

Return Value

true if the element is found in the container; false otherwise.

Remarks

contains() is new in C++20. To use it, specify the /std:c++20 or later compiler option.

template<class K> bool contains(const K& key) const only participates in overload resolution if key_compare is transparent. See Heterogeneous lookup in associative containers for more information.

Example

// Requires /std:c++20 or /std:c++latest
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
#include <functional>

int main()
{
    std::multimap<int, bool> m = {{0, false}, {1, true}};

    std::cout << std::boolalpha; // so booleans show as 'true' or 'false'
    std::cout << m.contains(1) << '\n';
    std::cout << m.contains(2) << '\n';

    // call template function
    std::multimap<std::string, int, std::less<>> m2 = {{"ten", 10}, {"twenty", 20}, {"thirty", 30}};
    std::cout << m2.contains("ten");

    return 0;
}

true
false
true

`multimap::count`

Returns the number of elements in a multimap whose keys match a parameter-specified key.

size_type count(const Key& key) const;

Parameters

key
The key of the elements to be matched from the multimap.

Return Value

The number of elements whose sort keys match the parameter key; 0 if the multimap doesn't contain an element with a matching key.

Remarks

The member function returns the number of elements in the range

lower_bound(key), upper_bound(key)

that have a key value key.

Example

The following example demonstrates the use of the multimap::count member function.

// multimap_count.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
    using namespace std;
    multimap<int, int> m1;
    multimap<int, int>::size_type i;
    typedef pair<int, int> Int_Pair;

    m1.insert(Int_Pair(1, 1));
    m1.insert(Int_Pair(2, 1));
    m1.insert(Int_Pair(1, 4));
    m1.insert(Int_Pair(2, 1));

    // Elements don't need to have unique keys in multimap,
    // so duplicates are allowed and counted
    i = m1.count(1);
    cout << "The number of elements in m1 with a sort key of 1 is: "
         << i << "." << endl;

    i = m1.count(2);
    cout << "The number of elements in m1 with a sort key of 2 is: "
         << i << "." << endl;

    i = m1.count(3);
    cout << "The number of elements in m1 with a sort key of 3 is: "
         << i << "." << endl;
}

The number of elements in m1 with a sort key of 1 is: 2.
The number of elements in m1 with a sort key of 2 is: 2.
The number of elements in m1 with a sort key of 3 is: 0.

`multimap::crbegin`

Returns a const iterator addressing the first element in a reversed multimap.

const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const;

Return Value

A const reverse bidirectional iterator addressing the first element in a reversed multimap or addressing what had been the last element in the unreversed multimap.

Remarks

crbegin is used with a reversed multimap just as begin is used with a multimap.

With the return value of crbegin, the multimap object can't be modified.

crbegin can be used to iterate through a multimap backwards.

Example

// multimap_crbegin.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1;

   multimap <int, int> :: const_reverse_iterator m1_crIter;
   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 10 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 20 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 3, 30 ) );

   m1_crIter = m1.crbegin( );
   cout << "The first element of the reversed multimap m1 is "
        << m1_crIter -> first << "." << endl;
}

The first element of the reversed multimap m1 is 3.

`multimap::crend`

Returns a const iterator that addresses the location succeeding the last element in a reversed multimap.

const_reverse_iterator crend() const;

Return Value

A const reverse bidirectional iterator that addresses the location succeeding the last element in a reversed multimap (the location that had preceded the first element in the unreversed multimap).

Remarks

crend is used with a reversed multimap just as multimap::end is used with a multimap.

With the return value of crend, the multimap object can't be modified.

crend can be used to test to whether a reverse iterator has reached the end of its multimap.

The value returned by crend shouldn't be dereferenced.

Example

// multimap_crend.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1;

   multimap <int, int> :: const_reverse_iterator m1_crIter;
   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 10 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 20 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 3, 30 ) );

   m1_crIter = m1.crend( );
   m1_crIter--;
   cout << "The last element of the reversed multimap m1 is "
        << m1_crIter -> first << "." << endl;
}

The last element of the reversed multimap m1 is 1.

`multimap::difference_type`

A signed integer type that can be used to represent the number of elements of a multimap in a range between elements pointed to by iterators.

typedef typename allocator_type::difference_type difference_type;

Remarks

The difference_type is the type returned when subtracting or incrementing through iterators of the container. The difference_type is typically used to represent the number of elements in the range [first, last) between the iterators first and last, includes the element pointed to by first and the range of elements up to, but not including, the element pointed to by last.

Although difference_type is available for all iterators that satisfy the requirements of an input iterator, which includes the class of bidirectional iterators supported by reversible containers such as set, subtraction between iterators is only supported by random-access iterators provided by a random-access container such as vector.

Example

// multimap_diff_type.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <iostream>
#include <map>
#include <algorithm>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1;
   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 20 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 10 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 3, 20 ) );

   // The following will insert as multimap keys are not unique
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 30 ) );

   multimap <int, int>::iterator m1_Iter, m1_bIter, m1_eIter;
   m1_bIter = m1.begin( );
   m1_eIter = m1.end( );

   // Count the number of elements in a multimap
   multimap <int, int>::difference_type  df_count = 0;
   m1_Iter = m1.begin( );
   while ( m1_Iter != m1_eIter )
   {
      df_count++;
      m1_Iter++;
   }

   cout << "The number of elements in the multimap m1 is: "
        << df_count << "." << endl;
}

The number of elements in the multimap m1 is: 4.

`multimap::emplace`

Inserts an element constructed in place (no copy or move operations are performed).

template <class... Args>
iterator emplace(Args&&... args);

Parameters

args
The arguments forwarded to construct an element to be inserted into the multimap.

Return Value

An iterator to the newly inserted element.

Remarks

No references to container elements are invalidated by this function, but it may invalidate all iterators to the container.

If an exception is thrown during the insertion, the container is left unaltered and the exception is rethrown.

The value_type of an element is a pair, so that the value of an element will be an ordered pair with the first component equal to the key value and the second component equal to the data value of the element.

Example

// multimap_emplace.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

template <typename M> void print(const M& m) {
    cout << m.size() << " elements: " << endl;

    for (const auto& p : m) {
        cout << "(" << p.first <<  "," << p.second << ") ";
    }

    cout << endl;
}

int main()
{
    multimap<string, string> m1;

    m1.emplace("Anna", "Accounting");
    m1.emplace("Bob", "Accounting");
    m1.emplace("Carmine", "Engineering");

    cout << "multimap modified, now contains ";
    print(m1);
    cout << endl;

    m1.emplace("Bob", "Engineering");

    cout << "multimap modified, now contains ";
    print(m1);
    cout << endl;
}

`multimap::emplace_hint`

Inserts an element constructed in place (no copy or move operations are performed), with a placement hint.

template <class... Args>
iterator emplace_hint(
    const_iterator where,
    Args&&... args);

Parameters

args
The arguments forwarded to construct an element to be inserted into the multimap.

where
The place to start searching for the correct point of insertion. (If that point immediately precedes where, insertion can occur in amortized constant time instead of logarithmic time.)

Return Value

An iterator to the newly inserted element.

Remarks

No references to container elements are invalidated by this function, but it may invalidate all iterators to the container.

During emplacement, if an exception is thrown, the container's state is not modified.

The value_type of an element is a pair, so that the value of an element will be an ordered pair with the first component equal to the key value and the second component equal to the data value of the element.

For a code example, see map::emplace_hint.

`multimap::empty`

Tests if a multimap is empty.

bool empty() const;

Return Value

true if the multimap is empty; false if the multimap is nonempty.

Example

// multimap_empty.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1, m2;

   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 1 ) );

   if ( m1.empty( ) )
      cout << "The multimap m1 is empty." << endl;
   else
      cout << "The multimap m1 is not empty." << endl;

   if ( m2.empty( ) )
      cout << "The multimap m2 is empty." << endl;
   else
      cout << "The multimap m2 is not empty." << endl;
}

The multimap m1 is not empty.
The multimap m2 is empty.

`multimap::end`

Returns the past-the-end iterator.

const_iterator end() const;

iterator end();

Return Value

The past-the-end iterator. If the multimap is empty, then multimap::end() == multimap::begin().

Remarks

end is used to test whether an iterator has passed the end of its multimap.

The value returned by end shouldn't be dereferenced.

For a code example, see multimap::find.

`multimap::equal_range`

Finds the range of elements where the key of the element matches a specified value.

pair <const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range (const Key& key) const;

pair <iterator, iterator> equal_range (const Key& key);

Parameters

key
The argument key to be compared with the sort key of an element from the multimap being searched.

Return Value

A pair of iterators such that the first is the lower_bound of the key and the second is the upper_bound of the key.

To access the first iterator of a pair pr returned by the member function, use pr.first and to dereference the lower bound iterator, use *(pr.first). To access the second iterator of a pair pr returned by the member function, use pr.second and to dereference the upper bound iterator, use *(pr.second).

Example

// multimap_equal_range.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   typedef multimap <int, int, less<int> > IntMMap;
   IntMMap m1;
   multimap <int, int> :: const_iterator m1_RcIter;
   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 10 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 20 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 3, 30 ) );

   pair <IntMMap::const_iterator, IntMMap::const_iterator> p1, p2;
   p1 = m1.equal_range( 2 );

   cout << "The lower bound of the element with "
        << "a key of 2 in the multimap m1 is: "
        << p1.first -> second << "." << endl;

   cout << "The upper bound of the element with "
        << "a key of 2 in the multimap m1 is: "
        << p1.second -> second << "." << endl;

   // Compare the upper_bound called directly
   m1_RcIter = m1.upper_bound( 2 );

   cout << "A direct call of upper_bound( 2 ) gives "
        << m1_RcIter -> second << "," << endl
        << "matching the 2nd element of the pair "
        << "returned by equal_range( 2 )." << endl;

   p2 = m1.equal_range( 4 );

   // If no match is found for the key,
   // both elements of the pair return end( )
   if ( ( p2.first == m1.end( ) ) && ( p2.second == m1.end( ) ) )
      cout << "The multimap m1 doesn't have an element "
           << "with a key less than 4." << endl;
   else
      cout << "The element of multimap m1 with a key >= 40 is: "
           << p1.first -> first << "." << endl;
}

The lower bound of the element with a key of 2 in the multimap m1 is: 20.
The upper bound of the element with a key of 2 in the multimap m1 is: 30.
A direct call of upper_bound( 2 ) gives 30,
matching the 2nd element of the pair returned by equal_range( 2 ).
The multimap m1 doesn't have an element with a key less than 4.

`multimap::erase`

Removes an element or a range of elements in a multimap from specified positions or removes elements that match a specified key.

iterator erase(
    const_iterator Where);

iterator erase(
    const_iterator First,
    const_iterator Last);

size_type erase(
    const key_type& Key);

Parameters

Where
Position of the element to be removed.

First
Position of the first element to be removed.

Last
Position just beyond the last element to be removed.

Key
The key of the elements to be removed.

Return Value

For the first two member functions, a bidirectional iterator that designates the first element remaining beyond any elements removed, or an element that is the end of the map if no such element exists.

For the third member function, returns the number of elements that have been removed from the multimap.

Remarks

For a code example, see map::erase.

`multimap::find`

Returns an iterator that refers to the first location of an element in a multimap that has a key equivalent to a specified key.

iterator find(const Key& key);

const_iterator find(const Key& key) const;

Parameters

key
The key value to be matched by the sort key of an element from the multimap being searched.

Return Value

An iterator that refers to the location of an element with a specified key, or the location succeeding the last element in the multimap (multimap::end()) if no match is found for the key.

Remarks

The member function returns an iterator that refers to an element in the multimap whose sort key is equivalent to the argument key under a binary predicate that induces an ordering based on a less than comparability relation.

If the return value of find is assigned to a const_iterator, the multimap object can't be modified. If the return value of find is assigned to an iterator, the multimap object can be modified.

Example

// compile with: /EHsc /W4 /MTd
#include <map>
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <utility>  // make_pair()

using namespace std;

template <typename A, typename B> void print_elem(const pair<A, B>& p) {
    cout << "(" << p.first << ", " << p.second << ") ";
}

template <typename T> void print_collection(const T& t) {
    cout << t.size() << " elements: ";

    for (const auto& p : t) {
        print_elem(p);
    }
    cout << endl;
}

template <typename C, class T> void findit(const C& c, T val) {
    cout << "Trying find() on value " << val << endl;
    auto result = c.find(val);
    if (result != c.end()) {
        cout << "Element found: "; print_elem(*result); cout << endl;
    } else {
        cout << "Element not found." << endl;
    }
}

int main()
{
    multimap<int, string> m1({ { 40, "Zr" }, { 45, "Rh" } });
    cout << "The starting multimap m1 is (key, value):" << endl;
    print_collection(m1);

    vector<pair<int, string>> v;
    v.push_back(make_pair(43, "Tc"));
    v.push_back(make_pair(41, "Nb"));
    v.push_back(make_pair(46, "Pd"));
    v.push_back(make_pair(42, "Mo"));
    v.push_back(make_pair(44, "Ru"));
    v.push_back(make_pair(44, "Ru")); // attempt a duplicate

    cout << "Inserting the following vector data into m1:" << endl;
    print_collection(v);

    m1.insert(v.begin(), v.end());

    cout << "The modified multimap m1 is (key, value):" << endl;
    print_collection(m1);
    cout << endl;
    findit(m1, 45);
    findit(m1, 6);
}

`multimap::get_allocator`

Returns a copy of the allocator object used to construct the multimap.

allocator_type get_allocator() const;

Return Value

The allocator used by the multimap.

Remarks

Allocators for the multimap class specify how the class manages storage. The default allocators supplied with C++ Standard Library container classes are sufficient for most programming needs. Writing and using your own allocator class is an advanced C++ topic.

Example

// multimap_get_allocator.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int>::allocator_type m1_Alloc;
   multimap <int, int>::allocator_type m2_Alloc;
   multimap <int, double>::allocator_type m3_Alloc;
   multimap <int, int>::allocator_type m4_Alloc;

   // The following lines declare objects
   // that use the default allocator.
   multimap <int, int> m1;
   multimap <int, int, allocator<int> > m2;
   multimap <int, double, allocator<double> > m3;

   m1_Alloc = m1.get_allocator( );
   m2_Alloc = m2.get_allocator( );
   m3_Alloc = m3.get_allocator( );

   cout << "The number of integers that can be allocated"
        << endl << "before free memory is exhausted: "
        << m2.max_size( ) << ".\n" << endl;

   cout << "The number of doubles that can be allocated"
        << endl << "before free memory is exhausted: "
        << m3.max_size( ) <<  ".\n" << endl;

   // The following line creates a multimap m4
   // with the allocator of multimap m1.
   map <int, int> m4( less<int>( ), m1_Alloc );

   m4_Alloc = m4.get_allocator( );

   // Two allocators are interchangeable if
   // storage allocated from each can be
   // deallocated via the other
   if( m1_Alloc == m4_Alloc )
   {
      cout << "The allocators are interchangeable."
           << endl;
   }
   else
   {
      cout << "The allocators are not interchangeable."
           << endl;
   }
}

`multimap::insert`

Inserts an element or a range of elements into a multimap.

// (1) single element
pair<iterator, bool> insert(
    const value_type& Val);

// (2) single element, perfect forwarded
template <class ValTy>
pair<iterator, bool>
insert(
    ValTy&& Val);

// (3) single element with hint
iterator insert(
    const_iterator Where,
    const value_type& Val);

// (4) single element, perfect forwarded, with hint
template <class ValTy>
iterator insert(
    const_iterator Where,
    ValTy&& Val);

// (5) range
template <class InputIterator>
void insert(
    InputIterator First,
    InputIterator Last);

// (6) initializer list
void insert(
    initializer_list<value_type>
IList);

Parameters

Val
The value of an element to be inserted into the multimap.

Where
The place to start searching for the correct point of insertion. (If that point immediately precedes Where, insertion can occur in amortized constant time instead of logarithmic time.)

ValTy
Template parameter that specifies the argument type that the map can use to construct an element of value_type, and perfect-forwards Val as an argument.

First
The position of the first element to be copied.

Last
The position just beyond the last element to be copied.

InputIterator
Template function argument that meets the requirements of an input iterator that points to elements of a type that can be used to construct value_type objects.

IList
The initializer_list from which to copy the elements.

Return Value

The single-element-insert member functions, (1) and (2), return an iterator to the position where the new element was inserted into the multimap.

The single-element-with-hint member functions, (3) and (4), return an iterator that points to the position where the new element was inserted into the multimap.

Remarks

No pointers or references are invalidated by this function, but it may invalidate all iterators to the container.

During the insertion of just one element, if an exception is thrown, the container's state is not modified. During the insertion of multiple elements, if an exception is thrown, the container is left in an unspecified but valid state.

The value_type of a container is a typedef that belongs to the container, and for map, multimap<K, V>::value_type is pair<const K, V>. The value of an element is an ordered pair in which the first component is equal to the key value and the second component is equal to the data value of the element.

The range member function (5) inserts the sequence of element values into a multimap that corresponds to each element addressed by an iterator in the range [First, Last); therefore, Last doesn't get inserted. The container member function end() refers to the position just after the last element in the container—for example, the statement m.insert(v.begin(), v.end()); inserts all elements of v into m.

The initializer list member function (6) uses an initializer_list to copy elements into the map.

For insertion of an element constructed in place—that is, no copy or move operations are performed—see multimap::emplace and multimap::emplace_hint.

Example

// multimap_insert.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <utility>  // make_pair()

using namespace std;

template <typename M> void print(const M& m) {
    cout << m.size() << " elements: ";

    for (const auto& p : m) {
        cout << "(" << p.first << ", " << p.second << ") ";
    }

    cout << endl;
}

int main()
{
    // insert single values
    multimap<int, int> m1;
    // call insert(const value_type&) version
    m1.insert({ 1, 10 });
    // call insert(ValTy&&) version
    m1.insert(make_pair(2, 20));

    cout << "The original key and mapped values of m1 are:" << endl;
    print(m1);

    // intentionally attempt a duplicate, single element
    m1.insert(make_pair(1, 111));

    cout << "The modified key and mapped values of m1 are:" << endl;
    print(m1);

    // single element, with hint
    m1.insert(m1.end(), make_pair(3, 30));
    cout << "The modified key and mapped values of m1 are:" << endl;
    print(m1);
    cout << endl;

    // The templatized version inserting a jumbled range
    multimap<int, int> m2;
    vector<pair<int, int>> v;
    v.push_back(make_pair(43, 294));
    v.push_back(make_pair(41, 262));
    v.push_back(make_pair(45, 330));
    v.push_back(make_pair(42, 277));
    v.push_back(make_pair(44, 311));

    cout << "Inserting the following vector data into m2:" << endl;
    print(v);

    m2.insert(v.begin(), v.end());

    cout << "The modified key and mapped values of m2 are:" << endl;
    print(m2);
    cout << endl;

    // The templatized versions move-constructing elements
    multimap<int, string>  m3;
    pair<int, string> ip1(475, "blue"), ip2(510, "green");

    // single element
    m3.insert(move(ip1));
    cout << "After the first move insertion, m3 contains:" << endl;
    print(m3);

    // single element with hint
    m3.insert(m3.end(), move(ip2));
    cout << "After the second move insertion, m3 contains:" << endl;
    print(m3);
    cout << endl;

    multimap<int, int> m4;
    // Insert the elements from an initializer_list
    m4.insert({ { 4, 44 }, { 2, 22 }, { 3, 33 }, { 1, 11 }, { 5, 55 } });
    cout << "After initializer_list insertion, m4 contains:" << endl;
    print(m4);
    cout << endl;
}

`multimap::iterator`

A type that provides a bidirectional iterator that can read or modify any element in a multimap.

typedef implementation-defined iterator;

Remarks

The iterator defined by multimap points to objects of value_type, which are of type pair<const Key, Type>. The value of the key is available through the first member pair and the value of the mapped element is available through the second member of the pair.

To dereference an iterator Iter pointing to an element in a multimap, use the -> operator.

To access the value of the key for the element, use Iter->first, which is equivalent to (*Iter).first. To access the value of the mapped datum for the element, use Iter->second, which is equivalent to (*Iter).second.

A type iterator can be used to modify the value of an element.

Example

See the example for begin for an example of how to declare and use iterator.

`multimap::key_comp`

Retrieves a copy of the comparison object used to order keys in a multimap.

key_compare key_comp() const;

Return Value

Returns the function object that a multimap uses to order its elements.

Remarks

The stored object defines the member function

bool operator( const Key& x, const Key& y);

which returns true if x strictly precedes y in the sort order.

Example

// multimap_key_comp.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;

   multimap <int, int, less<int> > m1;
   multimap <int, int, less<int> >::key_compare kc1 = m1.key_comp( ) ;
   bool result1 = kc1( 2, 3 ) ;
   if( result1 == true )
   {
      cout << "kc1( 2,3 ) returns value of true, "
           << "where kc1 is the function object of m1."
           << endl;
   }
   else
   {
      cout << "kc1( 2,3 ) returns value of false "
           << "where kc1 is the function object of m1."
           << endl;
   }

   multimap <int, int, greater<int> > m2;
   multimap <int, int, greater<int> >::key_compare kc2 = m2.key_comp( );
   bool result2 = kc2( 2, 3 ) ;
   if( result2 == true )
   {
      cout << "kc2( 2,3 ) returns value of true, "
           << "where kc2 is the function object of m2."
           << endl;
   }
   else
   {
      cout << "kc2( 2,3 ) returns value of false, "
           << "where kc2 is the function object of m2."
           << endl;
   }
}

kc1( 2,3 ) returns value of true, where kc1 is the function object of m1.
kc2( 2,3 ) returns value of false, where kc2 is the function object of m2.

`multimap::key_compare`

A type that provides a function object that can compare two sort keys to determine the relative order of two elements in the multimap.

typedef Traits key_compare;

Remarks

key_compare is a synonym for the template parameter Traits.

For more information on Traits, see the multimap Class topic.

Example

See the example for key_comp for an example of how to declare and use key_compare.

`multimap::key_type`

A type that describes the sort key object that constitutes each element of the multimap.

typedef Key key_type;

Remarks

key_type is a synonym for the template parameter Key.

For more information on Key, see the Remarks section of the multimap Class topic.

Example

See the example for value_type for an example of how to declare and use key_type.

`multimap::lower_bound`

Returns an iterator to the first element in a multimap that with a key that is equal to or greater than a specified key.

iterator lower_bound(const Key& key);

const_iterator lower_bound(const Key& key) const;

Parameters

key
The argument key to be compared with the sort key of an element from the multimap being searched.

Return Value

An iterator or const_iterator that addresses the location of an element in a multimap that with a key that is equal to or greater than the argument key, or that addresses the location succeeding the last element in the multimap if no match is found for the key.

If the return value of lower_bound is assigned to a const_iterator, the multimap object can't be modified. If the return value of lower_bound is assigned to an iterator, the multimap object can be modified.

Example

// multimap_lower_bound.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1;
   multimap <int, int> :: const_iterator m1_AcIter, m1_RcIter;
   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 10 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 20 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 3, 20 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 3, 30 ) );

   m1_RcIter = m1.lower_bound( 2 );
   cout << "The element of multimap m1 with a key of 2 is: "
        << m1_RcIter -> second << "." << endl;

   m1_RcIter = m1.lower_bound( 3 );
   cout << "The first element of multimap m1 with a key of 3 is: "
        << m1_RcIter -> second << "." << endl;

   // If no match is found for the key, end( ) is returned
   m1_RcIter = m1.lower_bound( 4 );

   if ( m1_RcIter == m1.end( ) )
      cout << "The multimap m1 doesn't have an element "
              << "with a key of 4." << endl;
   else
      cout << "The element of multimap m1 with a key of 4 is: "
                << m1_RcIter -> second << "." << endl;

   // The element at a specific location in the multimap can be
   // found using a dereferenced iterator addressing the location
   m1_AcIter = m1.end( );
   m1_AcIter--;
   m1_RcIter = m1.lower_bound( m1_AcIter -> first );
   cout << "The first element of m1 with a key matching\n"
        << "that of the last element is: "
        << m1_RcIter -> second << "." << endl;

   // Note that the first element with a key equal to
   // the key of the last element is not the last element
   if ( m1_RcIter == --m1.end( ) )
      cout << "This is the last element of multimap m1."
           << endl;
   else
      cout << "This is not the last element of multimap m1."
           << endl;
}

The element of multimap m1 with a key of 2 is: 20.
The first element of multimap m1 with a key of 3 is: 20.
The multimap m1 doesn't have an element with a key of 4.
The first element of m1 with a key matching
that of the last element is: 20.
This is not the last element of multimap m1.

`multimap::mapped_type`

A type that represents the data type stored in a multimap.

typedef Type mapped_type;

Remarks

mapped_type is a synonym for the template parameter Type.

For more information on Type, see the multimap Class topic.

Example

See the example for value_type for an example of how to declare and use key_type.

`multimap::max_size`

Returns the maximum length of the multimap.

size_type max_size() const;

Return Value

The maximum possible length of the multimap.

Example

// multimap_max_size.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1;
   multimap <int, int> :: size_type i;

   i = m1.max_size( );
   cout << "The maximum possible length "
        << "of the multimap is " << i << "." << endl;
}

`multimap::multimap`

Constructs a multimap that is empty or that is a copy of all or part of some other multimap.

multimap();

explicit multimap(
    const Traits& Comp);

multimap(
    const Traits& Comp,
    const Allocator& Al);

map(
    const multimap& Right);

multimap(
    multimap&& Right);

multimap(
    initializer_list<value_type> IList);

multimap(
    initializer_list<value_type> IList,
    const Compare& Comp);

multimap(
    initializer_list<value_type> IList,
    const Compare& Comp,
    const Allocator& Al);

template <class InputIterator>
multimap(
    InputIterator First,
    InputIterator Last);

template <class InputIterator>
multimap(
    InputIterator First,
    InputIterator Last,
    const Traits& Comp);

template <class InputIterator>
multimap(
    InputIterator First,
    InputIterator Last,
    const Traits& Comp,
    const Allocator& Al);

Parameters

Al
The storage allocator class to be used for this multimap object, which defaults to Allocator.

Comp
The comparison function of type constTraits used to order the elements in the map, which defaults to Traits.

Right
The map of which the constructed set is to be a copy.

First
The position of the first element in the range of elements to be copied.

Last
The position of the first element beyond the range of elements to be copied.

IList
The initializer_list from which to copy the elements.

Remarks

All constructors store a type of allocator object that manages memory storage for the multimap and that can later be returned by calling get_allocator. The allocator parameter is often omitted in the class declarations and preprocessing macros used to substitute alternative allocators.

All constructors initialize their multimap.

All constructors store a function object of type Traits that is used to establish an order among the keys of the multimap and that can later be returned by calling key_comp.

The first three constructors specify an empty initial multimap, the second specifying the type of comparison function (Comp) to be used in establishing the order of the elements and the third explicitly specifying the allocator type (Al) to be used. The key word explicit suppresses certain kinds of automatic type conversion.

The fourth constructor specifies a copy of the multimap Right.

The fifth constructor specifies a copy of the multimap by moving Right.

The 6th, 7th, and 8th constructors copy the members of an initializer_list.

The next three constructors copy the range [First, Last) of a map with increasing explicitness in specifying the type of comparison function of class Traits and allocator.

Example

// multimap_ctor.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

    // Create an empty multimap m0 of key type integer
    multimap <int, int> m0;

    // Create an empty multimap m1 with the key comparison
    // function of less than, then insert 4 elements
    multimap <int, int, less<int> > m1;
    m1.insert(Int_Pair(1, 10));
    m1.insert(Int_Pair(2, 20));
    m1.insert(Int_Pair(3, 30));
    m1.insert(Int_Pair(4, 40));

    // Create an empty multimap m2 with the key comparison
    // function of greater than, then insert 2 elements
    multimap <int, int, less<int> > m2;
    m2.insert(Int_Pair(1, 10));
    m2.insert(Int_Pair(2, 20));

    // Create a multimap m3 with the
    // allocator of multimap m1
    multimap <int, int>::allocator_type m1_Alloc;
    m1_Alloc = m1.get_allocator();
    multimap <int, int> m3(less<int>(), m1_Alloc);
    m3.insert(Int_Pair(3, 30));

    // Create a copy, multimap m4, of multimap m1
    multimap <int, int> m4(m1);

    // Create a multimap m5 by copying the range m1[ first,  last)
    multimap <int, int>::const_iterator m1_bcIter, m1_ecIter;
    m1_bcIter = m1.begin();
    m1_ecIter = m1.begin();
    m1_ecIter++;
    m1_ecIter++;
    multimap <int, int> m5(m1_bcIter, m1_ecIter);

    // Create a multimap m6 by copying the range m4[ first,  last)
    // and with the allocator of multimap m2
    multimap <int, int>::allocator_type m2_Alloc;
    m2_Alloc = m2.get_allocator();
    multimap <int, int> m6(m4.begin(), ++m4.begin(), less<int>(), m2_Alloc);

    cout << "m1 =";
    for (auto i : m1)
        cout << i.first << " " << i.second << ", ";
    cout << endl;

    cout << "m2 =";
    for (auto i : m2)
        cout << i.first << " " << i.second << ", ";
    cout << endl;

    cout << "m3 =";
    for (auto i : m3)
        cout << i.first << " " << i.second << ", ";
    cout << endl;

    cout << "m4 =";
    for (auto i : m4)
        cout << i.first << " " << i.second << ", ";
    cout << endl;

    cout << "m5 =";
    for (auto i : m5)
        cout << i.first << " " << i.second << ", ";
    cout << endl;

    cout << "m6 =";
    for (auto i : m6)
        cout << i.first << " " << i.second << ", ";
    cout << endl;

    // Create a multimap m8 by copying in an initializer_list
    multimap<int, int> m8{ { { 1, 1 }, { 2, 2 }, { 3, 3 }, { 4, 4 } } };
    cout << "m8: = ";
    for (auto i : m8)
        cout << i.first << " " << i.second << ", ";
    cout << endl;

    // Create a multimap m9 with an initializer_list and a comparator
    multimap<int, int> m9({ { 5, 5 }, { 6, 6 }, { 7, 7 }, { 8, 8 } }, less<int>());
    cout << "m9: = ";
    for (auto i : m9)
        cout << i.first << " " << i.second << ", ";
    cout << endl;

    // Create a multimap m10 with an initializer_list, a comparator, and an allocator
    multimap<int, int> m10({ { 9, 9 }, { 10, 10 }, { 11, 11 }, { 12, 12 } }, less<int>(), m9.get_allocator());
    cout << "m10: = ";
    for (auto i : m10)
        cout << i.first << " " << i.second << ", ";
    cout << endl;

}

`multimap::operator=`

Replaces the elements of a multimap with a copy of another multimap.

multimap& operator=(const multimap& right);

multimap& operator=(multimap&& right);

Parameters

right
The multimap being copied into the multimap.

Remarks

After erasing any existing elements in a multimap, operator= either copies or moves the contents of right into the multimap.

Example

// multimap_operator_as.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
   {
   using namespace std;
   multimap<int, int> v1, v2, v3;
   multimap<int, int>::iterator iter;

   v1.insert(pair<int, int>(1, 10));

   cout << "v1 = " ;
   for (iter = v1.begin(); iter != v1.end(); iter++)
      cout << iter->second << " ";
   cout << endl;

   v2 = v1;
   cout << "v2 = ";
   for (iter = v2.begin(); iter != v2.end(); iter++)
      cout << iter->second << " ";
   cout << endl;

// move v1 into v2
   v2.clear();
   v2 = move(v1);
   cout << "v2 = ";
   for (iter = v2.begin(); iter != v2.end(); iter++)
      cout << iter->second << " ";
   cout << endl;
   }

`multimap::pointer`

A type that provides a pointer to an element in a multimap.

typedef typename allocator_type::pointer pointer;

Remarks

A type pointer can be used to modify the value of an element.

In most cases, an iterator should be used to access the elements in a multimap object.

`multimap::rbegin`

Returns an iterator addressing the first element in a reversed multimap.

const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const;

reverse_iterator rbegin();

Return Value

A reverse bidirectional iterator addressing the first element in a reversed multimap or addressing what had been the last element in the unreversed multimap.

Remarks

rbegin is used with a reversed multimap just as begin is used with a multimap.

If the return value of rbegin is assigned to a const_reverse_iterator, then the multimap object can't be modified. If the return value of rbegin is assigned to a reverse_iterator, then the multimap object can be modified.

rbegin can be used to iterate through a multimap backwards.

Example

// multimap_rbegin.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1;

   multimap <int, int> :: iterator m1_Iter;
   multimap <int, int> :: reverse_iterator m1_rIter;
   multimap <int, int> :: const_reverse_iterator m1_crIter;
   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 10 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 20 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 3, 30 ) );

   m1_rIter = m1.rbegin( );
   cout << "The first element of the reversed multimap m1 is "
        << m1_rIter -> first << "." << endl;

   // begin can be used to start an iteration
   // through a multimap in a forward order
   cout << "The multimap is: ";
   for ( m1_Iter = m1.begin( ) ; m1_Iter != m1.end( ); m1_Iter++)
      cout << m1_Iter -> first << " ";
      cout << "." << endl;

   // rbegin can be used to start an iteration
   // through a multimap in a reverse order
   cout << "The reversed multimap is: ";
   for ( m1_rIter = m1.rbegin( ) ; m1_rIter != m1.rend( ); m1_rIter++)
      cout << m1_rIter -> first << " ";
      cout << "." << endl;

   // A multimap element can be erased by dereferencing its key
   m1_rIter = m1.rbegin( );
   m1.erase ( m1_rIter -> first );

   m1_rIter = m1.rbegin( );
   cout << "After the erasure, the first element "
        << "in the reversed multimap is "
        << m1_rIter -> first << "." << endl;
}

The first element of the reversed multimap m1 is 3.
The multimap is: 1 2 3 .
The reversed multimap is: 3 2 1 .
After the erasure, the first element in the reversed multimap is 2.

`multimap::reference`

A type that provides a reference to an element stored in a multimap.

typedef typename allocator_type::reference reference;

Example

// multimap_ref.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1;
   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 10 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 20 ) );

   // Declare and initialize a const_reference &Ref1
   // to the key of the first element
   const int &Ref1 = ( m1.begin( ) -> first );

   // The following line would cause an error because the
   // non-const_reference can't be used to access the key
   // int &Ref1 = ( m1.begin( ) -> first );

   cout << "The key of first element in the multimap is "
        << Ref1 << "." << endl;

   // Declare and initialize a reference &Ref2
   // to the data value of the first element
   int &Ref2 = ( m1.begin( ) -> second );

   cout << "The data value of first element in the multimap is "
        << Ref2 << "." << endl;

   // The non-const_reference can be used to modify the
   // data value of the first element
   Ref2 = Ref2 + 5;
   cout << "The modified data value of first element is "
        << Ref2 << "." << endl;
}

The key of first element in the multimap is 1.
The data value of first element in the multimap is 10.
The modified data value of first element is 15.

`multimap::rend`

Returns an iterator that addresses the location succeeding the last element in a reversed multimap.

const_reverse_iterator rend() const;

reverse_iterator rend();

Return Value

A reverse bidirectional iterator that addresses the location succeeding the last element in a reversed multimap (the location that had preceded the first element in the unreversed multimap).

Remarks

rend is used with a reversed multimap just as end is used with a multimap.

If the return value of rend is assigned to a const_reverse_iterator, then the multimap object can't be modified. If the return value of rend is assigned to a reverse_iterator, then the multimap object can be modified.

rend can be used to test whether a reverse iterator has reached the end of its multimap.

The value returned by rend shouldn't be dereferenced.

Example

// multimap_rend.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1;

   multimap <int, int> :: iterator m1_Iter;
   multimap <int, int> :: reverse_iterator m1_rIter;
   multimap <int, int> :: const_reverse_iterator m1_crIter;
   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 10 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 20 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 3, 30 ) );

   m1_rIter = m1.rend( );
   m1_rIter--;
   cout << "The last element of the reversed multimap m1 is "
        << m1_rIter -> first << "." << endl;

   // begin can be used to start an iteration
   // through a multimap in a forward order
   cout << "The multimap is: ";
   for ( m1_Iter = m1.begin( ) ; m1_Iter != m1.end( ); m1_Iter++)
      cout << m1_Iter -> first << " ";
      cout << "." << endl;

   // rbegin can be used to start an iteration
   // through a multimap in a reverse order
   cout << "The reversed multimap is: ";
   for ( m1_rIter = m1.rbegin( ) ; m1_rIter != m1.rend( ); m1_rIter++)
      cout << m1_rIter -> first << " ";
      cout << "." << endl;

   // A multimap element can be erased by dereferencing to its key
   m1_rIter = --m1.rend( );
   m1.erase ( m1_rIter -> first );

   m1_rIter = m1.rend( );
   m1_rIter--;
   cout << "After the erasure, the last element "
        << "in the reversed multimap is "
        << m1_rIter -> first << "." << endl;
}

The last element of the reversed multimap m1 is 1.
The multimap is: 1 2 3 .
The reversed multimap is: 3 2 1 .
After the erasure, the last element in the reversed multimap is 2.

`multimap::reverse_iterator`

A type that provides a bidirectional iterator that can read or modify an element in a reversed multimap.

typedef std::reverse_iterator<iterator> reverse_iterator;

Remarks

A type reverse_iterator is used to iterate through the multimap in reverse.

The reverse_iterator defined by multimap points to objects of value_type, which are of type pair<const Key, Type>. The value of the key is available through the first member pair and the value of the mapped element is available through the second member of the pair.

To dereference a reverse_iterator rIter pointing to an element in a multimap, use the -> operator.

To access the value of the key for the element, use rIter->first, which is equivalent to (*rIter).first. To access the value of the mapped datum for the element, use rIter->second, which is equivalent to (*rIter).second.

Example

See the example for rbegin for an example of how to declare and use reverse_iterator.

`multimap::size`

Returns the number of elements in the multimap.

size_type size() const;

Return Value

The current length of the multimap.

Example

The following example demonstrates the use of the multimap::size member function.

// multimap_size.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    using namespace std;
    multimap<int, int> m1, m2;
    multimap<int, int>::size_type i;
    typedef pair<int, int> Int_Pair;

    m1.insert(Int_Pair(1, 1));
    i = m1.size();
    cout << "The multimap length is " << i << "." << endl;

    m1.insert(Int_Pair(2, 4));
    i = m1.size();
    cout << "The multimap length is now " << i << "." << endl;
}

The multimap length is 1.
The multimap length is now 2.

`multimap::size_type`

An unsigned integer type that counts the number of elements in a multimap.

typedef typename allocator_type::size_type size_type;

Example

See the example for size for an example of how to declare and use size_type

`multimap::swap`

Exchanges the elements of two multimaps.

void swap(
    multimap<Key, Type, Traits, Allocator>& right);

Parameters

right
The multimap providing the elements to be swapped, or the multimap whose elements are to be exchanged with those of the multimap left.

Remarks

The member function invalidates no references, pointers, or iterators that designate elements in the two multimaps whose elements are being exchanged.

Example

// multimap_swap.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1, m2, m3;
   multimap <int, int>::iterator m1_Iter;
   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 10 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 20 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 3, 30 ) );
   m2.insert ( Int_Pair ( 10, 100 ) );
   m2.insert ( Int_Pair ( 20, 200 ) );
   m3.insert ( Int_Pair ( 30, 300 ) );

   cout << "The original multimap m1 is:";
   for ( m1_Iter = m1.begin( ); m1_Iter != m1.end( ); m1_Iter++ )
      cout << " " << m1_Iter -> second;
   cout   << "." << endl;

   // This is the member function version of swap
   m1.swap( m2 );

   cout << "After swapping with m2, multimap m1 is:";
   for ( m1_Iter = m1.begin( ); m1_Iter != m1.end( ); m1_Iter++ )
      cout << " " << m1_Iter -> second;
   cout  << "." << endl;

   // This is the specialized template version of swap
   swap( m1, m3 );

   cout << "After swapping with m3, multimap m1 is:";
   for ( m1_Iter = m1.begin( ); m1_Iter != m1.end( ); m1_Iter++ )
      cout << " " << m1_Iter -> second;
   cout   << "." << endl;
}

The original multimap m1 is: 10 20 30.
After swapping with m2, multimap m1 is: 100 200.
After swapping with m3, multimap m1 is: 300.

`multimap::upper_bound`

Returns an iterator to the first element in a multimap that with a key that is greater than a specified key.

iterator upper_bound(const Key& key);

const_iterator upper_bound(const Key& key) const;

Parameters

key
The argument key to be compared with the sort key of an element from the multimap being searched.

Return Value

An iterator or const_iterator that addresses the location of an element in a multimap that with a key that is greater than the argument key, or that addresses the location succeeding the last element in the multimap if no match is found for the key.

If the return value is assigned to a const_iterator, the multimap object can't be modified. If the return value is assigned to a iterator, the multimap object can be modified.

Example

// multimap_upper_bound.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   multimap <int, int> m1;
   multimap <int, int> :: const_iterator m1_AcIter, m1_RcIter;
   typedef pair <int, int> Int_Pair;

   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 1, 10 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 2, 20 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 3, 30 ) );
   m1.insert ( Int_Pair ( 3, 40 ) );

   m1_RcIter = m1.upper_bound( 1 );
   cout << "The 1st element of multimap m1 with "
        << "a key greater than 1 is: "
        << m1_RcIter -> second << "." << endl;

   m1_RcIter = m1.upper_bound( 2 );
   cout << "The first element of multimap m1 with a key "
        << " greater than 2 is: "
        << m1_RcIter -> second << "." << endl;

   // If no match is found for the key, end( ) is returned
   m1_RcIter = m1.lower_bound( 4 );

   if ( m1_RcIter == m1.end( ) )
      cout << "The multimap m1 doesn't have an element "
           << "with a key of 4." << endl;
   else
      cout << "The element of multimap m1 with a key of 4 is: "
           << m1_RcIter -> second << "." << endl;

   // The element at a specific location in the multimap can be
   // found using a dereferenced iterator addressing the location
   m1_AcIter = m1.begin( );
   m1_RcIter = m1.upper_bound( m1_AcIter -> first );
   cout << "The first element of m1 with a key greater than\n"
        << "that of the initial element of m1 is: "
        << m1_RcIter -> second << "." << endl;
}

The 1st element of multimap m1 with a key greater than 1 is: 20.
The first element of multimap m1 with a key  greater than 2 is: 30.
The multimap m1 doesn't have an element with a key of 4.
The first element of m1 with a key greater than
that of the initial element of m1 is: 20.

`multimap::value_comp`

The member function returns a function object that determines the order of elements in a multimap by comparing their key values.

value_compare value_comp() const;

Return Value

Returns the comparison function object that a multimap uses to order its elements.

Remarks

For a multimap m, if two elements e1(k1, d1) and e2(k2, d2) are objects of type value_type, where k1 and k2 are their keys of type key_type and d1 and d2 are their data of type mapped_type, then m.value_comp(e1, e2) is equivalent to m.key_comp(k1, k2).

Example

// multimap_value_comp.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;

   multimap <int, int, less<int> > m1;
   multimap <int, int, less<int> >::value_compare vc1 = m1.value_comp( );
   multimap<int,int>::iterator Iter1, Iter2;

   Iter1= m1.insert ( multimap <int, int> :: value_type ( 1, 10 ) );
   Iter2= m1.insert ( multimap <int, int> :: value_type ( 2, 5 ) );

   if( vc1( *Iter1, *Iter2 ) == true )
   {
      cout << "The element ( 1,10 ) precedes the element ( 2,5 )."
           << endl;
   }
   else
   {
      cout << "The element ( 1,10 ) does "
           << "not precede the element ( 2,5 )."
           << endl;
   }

   if( vc1( *Iter2, *Iter1 ) == true )
   {
      cout << "The element ( 2,5 ) precedes the element ( 1,10 )."
           << endl;
   }
   else
   {
      cout << "The element ( 2,5 ) does "
           << "not precede the element ( 1,10 )."
           << endl;
   }
}

The element ( 1,10 ) precedes the element ( 2,5 ).
The element ( 2,5 ) does not precede the element ( 1,10 ).

`multimap::value_type`

A type that represents the type of object stored as an element in a map.

typedef pair<const Key, Type> value_type;

Example

// multimap_value_type.cpp
// compile with: /EHsc
#include <map>
#include <iostream>

int main( )
{
   using namespace std;
   typedef pair <const int, int> cInt2Int;
   multimap <int, int> m1;
   multimap <int, int> :: key_type key1;
   multimap <int, int> :: mapped_type mapped1;
   multimap <int, int> :: value_type value1;
   multimap <int, int> :: iterator pIter;

   // value_type can be used to pass the correct type
   // explicitly to avoid implicit type conversion
   m1.insert ( multimap <int, int> :: value_type ( 1, 10 ) );

   // Compare another way to insert objects into a hash_multimap
   m1.insert ( cInt2Int ( 2, 20 ) );

   // Initializing key1 and mapped1
   key1 = ( m1.begin( ) -> first );
   mapped1 = ( m1.begin( ) -> second );

   cout << "The key of first element in the multimap is "
        << key1 << "." << endl;

   cout << "The data value of first element in the multimap is "
        << mapped1 << "." << endl;

   // The following line would cause an error because
   // the value_type is not assignable
   // value1 = cInt2Int ( 4, 40 );

   cout  << "The keys of the mapped elements are:";
   for ( pIter = m1.begin( ) ; pIter != m1.end( ) ; pIter++ )
      cout << " " << pIter -> first;
   cout << "." << endl;

   cout  << "The values of the mapped elements are:";
   for ( pIter = m1.begin( ) ; pIter != m1.end( ) ; pIter++ )
      cout << " " << pIter -> second;
   cout << "." << endl;
}

The key of first element in the multimap is 1.
The data value of first element in the multimap is 10.
The keys of the mapped elements are: 1 2.
The values of the mapped elements are: 10 20.

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multimap Class

Syntax

Parameters

Remarks

Members

Constructors

Typedefs

Member functions

Requirements

multimap::allocator_type

Example

multimap::begin

Return Value

Example

multimap::cbegin

Return Value

Remarks

multimap::cend

Return Value

Remarks

multimap::clear

Example

multimap::const_iterator

Remarks

Example

multimap::const_pointer

Remarks

multimap::const_reference

Example

multimap::const_reverse_iterator

Remarks

Example

multimap::contains

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

Example

multimap::count

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

Example

multimap::crbegin

Return Value

Remarks

Example

multimap::crend

Return Value

Remarks

Example

multimap::difference_type

Remarks

Example

multimap::emplace

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

Example

multimap::emplace_hint

Parameters

Return Value

Remarks

multimap::empty

Return Value

Example

multimap::end

Return Value

Remarks

multimap::equal_range

Parameters

Return Value

Example

multimap::erase

Parameters

`multimap` Class

`multimap::allocator_type`

`multimap::begin`

`multimap::cbegin`

`multimap::cend`

`multimap::clear`

`multimap::const_iterator`

`multimap::const_pointer`

`multimap::const_reference`

`multimap::const_reverse_iterator`

`multimap::contains`

`multimap::count`

`multimap::crbegin`

`multimap::crend`

`multimap::difference_type`

`multimap::emplace`

`multimap::emplace_hint`

`multimap::empty`

`multimap::end`

`multimap::equal_range`

`multimap::erase`

`multimap::find`

`multimap::get_allocator`

`multimap::insert`

`multimap::iterator`

`multimap::key_comp`

`multimap::key_compare`

`multimap::key_type`

`multimap::lower_bound`

`multimap::mapped_type`

`multimap::max_size`

`multimap::multimap`

`multimap::operator=`

`multimap::pointer`

`multimap::rbegin`

`multimap::reference`

`multimap::rend`

`multimap::reverse_iterator`

`multimap::size`