[Frontend] Support static_argnums

[tzunghanjuang]

Context: Supporting static_argnums to identify which arguments are static. I

Description of the Change: Introduce the static_argnums parameter to @qjit and add a mechanism to determine if the function needs to be recompiled when the static arguments are changed.

Benefits: Users can pass custom objects to a function with @qjit. The QJIT object also stores all previously compiled functions for different arguments. If the arguments are seen before, there is no need for re-compilation.

Possible Drawbacks: The QJIT object will store all the previously compiled functions and require more space.
The mechanism for recompilation is based on checking hash values, so there might be a possibility of collision. It also creates a new catalyst.utils.filesystem.WorkspaceManager for every new function. If we do not create a new WorkspaceManager, the new function will not be properly compiled. I am not sure if I should modify anything related to it.

Related GitHub Issues: closes #461

[dime10]

Hi @tzunghanjuang, thank you for opening this PR :) Please let us know when you feel it is ready to review, you can also tag me as a reviewer at that point.

[tzunghanjuang]

Hi @dime10, it is ready for review but it seems that I do not have repo permission to add you as the reviewer. Thank you very much.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Comparison is base (570a992) 99.56% compared to head (a5134d0) 99.57%.
Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main     #476   +/-   ##
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  Coverage   99.56%   99.57%           
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  Files          43       43           
  Lines        7655     7722   +67     
  Branches      516      533   +17     
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+ Hits         7622     7689   +67     
  Misses         17       17           
  Partials       16       16           

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[dime10]

Great job getting this feature working 💯

I have a couple of questions that ask for clarification and a few suggestions to update the code, but overall this is looking great!

[dime10]

Great work on this @tzunghanjuang 🥳

After all discussions are closed it should be good to merge :)

[dime10]

Oh one last thing, most PRs require a changelog entry describing at a high level what changed and why. This PR would be a "new feature", and those also require a code example in the changelog entry demonstrating the new feature. Have a look at the file here: https://github.com/PennyLaneAI/catalyst/blob/main/doc/changelog.md

[dime10]

Sorry about the formatting failure, I think the black version was just updated. Merging with main should fix it if the issue is coming from files untouched by your PR.

[dime10]

Hi @tzunghanjuang, I posted my answer to the last remaining issue: #476 (comment)

[dime10]

Nice job fixing the library reopening 👍

[dime10]

Alright, this one is good to go, great work 🎉 🎉