Add instrumentation to Catalyst's frontend

[dime10]

Adds frontend instrumentation to QJIT class methods. To use the instrumentation a session needs to be started:

with instrumentation("identifier", filename="optional_file_path_for_yaml_results", detailed=<True/False>):
    qjit(my_function)(my_args)

Example output (YAML):

2024-03-14 22:32:56.016040:
  name: circuit
  system:
    os: macOS-13.6.4
    arch: arm64
    python: 3.11.6
  results:
    - pre_compilation:
        walltime: 0.003459
        cputime: 0.003
    - capture:
        walltime: 181.768209
        cputime: 181.65
        programsize: 4689
    - generate_ir:
        walltime: 141.458708
        cputime: 141.301
        programsize: 2985
    - compile:
        walltime: 1545.747416
        cputime: 1260.893
        programsize: 11480
    - run:
        walltime: 5.508291
        cputime: 4.384

Example output (console):

[DIAGNOSTICS] Running pre_compilation           walltime: 0.006 ms      cputime: 0.006 ms    
[DIAGNOSTICS] Running capture                   walltime: 4.08 ms       cputime: 4.08 ms        programsize: 55 lines
[DIAGNOSTICS] Running generate_ir               walltime: 8.417 ms      cputime: 8.417 ms       programsize: 59 lines
[DIAGNOSTICS] Running compile                   walltime: 309.765 ms    cputime: 309.765 ms     programsize: 194 lines
[DIAGNOSTICS] Running run                       walltime: 9.098 ms      cputime: 9.098 ms

[sc-62132]

[github-actions]

Hello. You may have forgotten to update the changelog!
Please edit doc/changelog.md on your branch with:

• A one-to-two sentence description of the change. You may include a small working example for new features.
• A link back to this PR.
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[codecov]

Codecov Report

Attention: Patch coverage is 37.95620% with 85 lines in your changes are missing coverage. Please review.

Project coverage is 98.26%. Comparing base (539ff43) to head (009dafa).
Report is 3 commits behind head on main.

Files	Patch %	Lines
frontend/catalyst/debug/instruments.py	31.45%	84 Missing and 1 partial ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main     #597      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   99.15%   98.26%   -0.90%     
==========================================
  Files          64       65       +1     
  Lines        9259     9387     +128     
  Branches      719      735      +16     
==========================================
+ Hits         9181     9224      +43     
- Misses         51      135      +84     
- Partials       27       28       +1     

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[dime10]

@maliasadi Could you have a look? I'll add some tests as well to complete the coverage.

[maliasadi]

Thanks @dime10! Nothing more from my side 🎉

Don't forget to update the changelog before merge :)