[FLINK-33169] Consider descriptor information during system column expansion

[twalthr]

What is the purpose of the change

"TABLE t" is translated into an implicit "SELECT * FROM t". This would ignore columns
that are not expanded by default. However, the descriptor explicitly states the need
for this column.

Brief change log

Explicit table expressions (for window TVFs at most one)
are captured before rewriting and replaced with a "marker" SqlSelect that contains the
descriptor information. The "marker" SqlSelect is considered during column expansion.

Verifying this change

This change added tests and can be verified as follows: ColumnExpansionTest

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): no
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): no
• The serializers: no
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): no
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: no
• The S3 file system connector: no

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? no
• If yes, how is the feature documented? not applicable

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• f87f3c3 Azure: SUCCESS

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[alexey-lv]

Why are you looking only at UDFs (USER_DEFINED_TABLE_FUNCTION) here?

[twalthr]

For performance, I want to exit this method early. And currently all PTFs have this catagory.