rdu

rdu is a toy implementation of a subset of du functionality. The main purpose of this is to play with sync and async IO.

There are 3 different versions of du implemented:

• rdu-sync - fully blocking standard APIs.

• rdu-async-seq - async API but sequential processing. Basically, here we just replace std::fs with tokio::fs and insert .await when needed.

• rdu-async-par - async API and maximally concurrent processing. Instead of waiting sequentially, we use FuturesUnordered from futures crate to do as much awaiting concurently as we can.

Benchmarks

Hardware:

$ inxi -bm
System:    Kernel: 5.11.0-7612-generic x86_64 bits: 64
Memory:    RAM: total: 62.78 GiB used: 7.60 GiB (12.1%)
CPU:       Info: 6-Core AMD Ryzen 5 3600 [MT MCP] speed: 2195 MHz min/max: 2200/3600 MHz
Drives:    Local Storage:
           ID-1: /dev/nvme0n1 vendor: Samsung model: SSD 970 EVO Plus 1TB size: 931.51 GiB
           ID-2: /dev/nvme1n1 vendor: Samsung model: SSD 970 EVO Plus 1TB size: 931.51 GiB

Contents of the test folder:

for d in $(ls); do \
  cd $d; \
  echo "$(git remote get-url origin) ($(git rev-parse --short HEAD))"; \
  cd ..; \
done

git@github.com:lampepfl/dotty.git (a288432bee)
git@github.com:emacs-mirror/emacs.git (a789d8a3a0)
git@github.com:openjdk/jdk.git (7f9ece23dc6)
git@github.com:torvalds/linux.git (1678e493d530)
git@github.com:rust-analyzer/rust-analyzer.git (ea8feca31)

Native Linux

With warm disk cache:

$ hyperfine \
  -L exe du,target/release/rdu-sync,target/release/rdu-async-seq,target/release/rdu-async-par \
  '{exe} -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'

Benchmark #1: du -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):     261.6 ms ±   2.6 ms    [User: 35.3 ms, System: 223.7 ms]
  Range (min … max):   255.1 ms … 264.5 ms    11 runs
 
Benchmark #2: target/release/rdu-sync -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):     345.3 ms ±   3.3 ms    [User: 62.3 ms, System: 280.0 ms]
  Range (min … max):   340.7 ms … 350.9 ms    10 runs
 
Benchmark #3: target/release/rdu-async-seq -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):      3.200 s ±  0.449 s    [User: 1.230 s, System: 2.459 s]
  Range (min … max):    2.539 s …  3.894 s    10 runs
 
Benchmark #4: target/release/rdu-async-par -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):      1.165 s ±  0.031 s    [User: 1.246 s, System: 1.657 s]
  Range (min … max):    1.118 s …  1.209 s    10 runs
 
Summary
  'du -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/' ran
    1.32 ± 0.02 times faster than 'target/release/rdu-sync -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'
    4.45 ± 0.13 times faster than 'target/release/rdu-async-par -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'
   12.23 ± 1.72 times faster than 'target/release/rdu-async-seq -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'

We can see that rdu-sync (which is a straightforward blocking solution) is only about 35% slower than du -hs, which is not too bad for 20 LOC!

The async-seq version is 12 times slower. Obviously, we couldn't expect speedup going from sync to async-seq - this is still the same sequential processing, but now with async overhead. However, 12x slower really extreme!

A more optimized version with real concurrent/parallel processing async-par runs much faster than async-seq (at the expense of much more complex code), but is still very slow compared to a blocking version.

With cold disk cache:

Now, let's run the benchmark again, but this time we try to flush disk caches before each run (fingers crossed, echo 3 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches does what I think it does):

$ hyperfine \
  -L exe du,target/release/rdu-sync,target/release/rdu-async-seq,target/release/rdu-async-par \
  '{exe} -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/' \
  -p 'echo 3 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches'

Benchmark #1: du -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):      2.504 s ±  0.013 s    [User: 69.0 ms, System: 579.5 ms]
  Range (min … max):    2.488 s …  2.532 s    10 runs
 
Benchmark #2: target/release/rdu-sync -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):      2.617 s ±  0.012 s    [User: 83.1 ms, System: 670.5 ms]
  Range (min … max):    2.600 s …  2.642 s    10 runs
 
Benchmark #3: target/release/rdu-async-seq -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):      5.043 s ±  0.427 s    [User: 1.029 s, System: 2.639 s]
  Range (min … max):    4.322 s …  5.566 s    10 runs
 
Benchmark #4: target/release/rdu-async-par -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):      1.206 s ±  0.015 s    [User: 1.302 s, System: 2.529 s]
  Range (min … max):    1.183 s …  1.233 s    10 runs
 
Summary
  'target/release/rdu-async-par -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/' ran
    2.08 ± 0.03 times faster than 'du -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'
    2.17 ± 0.03 times faster than 'target/release/rdu-sync -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'
    4.18 ± 0.36 times faster than 'target/release/rdu-async-seq -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'

This time around async-par beats both du and rdu-sync by 2x. This makes sense, since async-par tries to do many things concurrently, however I expected something better than 2x.

Another interesting observation is that the runtime of async-par doesn't depend on whether we purge disk caches or not. This makes it a good candidate in a situation when the files can be on a remote FS and need a lot of time to fetch metadata for.

WSL2 Linux

This should be pretty close to the native Linux experience, as it's real Linux but it's talking to a hypervisor rather than to hardware directly.

The version of the kernel is somewhat older though:

$ uname -r
4.19.104-microsoft-standard

With warm disk cache:

$ hyperfine \
  -L exe du,target/release/rdu-sync,target/release/rdu-async-seq,target/release/rdu-async-par \
  '{exe} -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'

Benchmark #1: du -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):     240.8 ms ±   2.0 ms    [User: 26.0 ms, System: 214.8 ms]
  Range (min … max):   238.7 ms … 246.3 ms    12 runs
 
Benchmark #2: target/release/rdu-sync -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):     318.4 ms ±   3.3 ms    [User: 47.1 ms, System: 270.8 ms]
  Range (min … max):   315.5 ms … 326.8 ms    10 runs
 
Benchmark #3: target/release/rdu-async-seq -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):     17.721 s ±  0.073 s    [User: 3.933 s, System: 25.006 s]
  Range (min … max):   17.561 s … 17.809 s    10 runs
 
Benchmark #4: target/release/rdu-async-par -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):      7.019 s ±  0.019 s    [User: 3.630 s, System: 14.046 s]
  Range (min … max):    6.981 s …  7.049 s    10 runs
 
Summary
  'du -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/' ran
    1.32 ± 0.02 times faster than 'target/release/rdu-sync -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'
   29.15 ± 0.25 times faster than 'target/release/rdu-async-par -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'
   73.59 ± 0.68 times faster than 'target/release/rdu-async-seq -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'

This is interesting: du and rdu-sync performance is consistent with native Linux, but async-* variants are devastatingly slow!

It's not clear why async performance is so bad here: is it WSL2 to blame? Or an older kernel?

With cold disk cache:

$ hyperfine \
  -L exe du,target/release/rdu-sync,target/release/rdu-async-seq,target/release/rdu-async-par \
  '{exe} -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/' \
  -p 'echo 3 | sudo tee /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches'

Benchmark #1: du -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):      4.821 s ±  0.061 s    [User: 117.0 ms, System: 1153.2 ms]
  Range (min … max):    4.743 s …  4.924 s    10 runs
 
Benchmark #2: target/release/rdu-sync -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):      5.164 s ±  0.360 s    [User: 156.0 ms, System: 1188.7 ms]
  Range (min … max):    4.852 s …  5.796 s    10 runs
 
Benchmark #3: target/release/rdu-async-seq -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):     23.184 s ±  0.167 s    [User: 4.039 s, System: 26.879 s]
  Range (min … max):   22.850 s … 23.447 s    10 runs
 
Benchmark #4: target/release/rdu-async-par -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/
  Time (mean ± σ):      7.615 s ±  0.041 s    [User: 3.888 s, System: 16.854 s]
  Range (min … max):    7.544 s …  7.657 s    10 runs
 
Summary
  'du -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/' ran
    1.07 ± 0.08 times faster than 'target/release/rdu-sync -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'
    1.58 ± 0.02 times faster than 'target/release/rdu-async-par -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'
    4.81 ± 0.07 times faster than 'target/release/rdu-async-seq -hs ~/dev/rdu-test/'

Here we again see that async-par's runtime doesn't change much depending on whether we purge disk cache or not.

Native Windows 10

Edition	Windows 10 Pro
Version	20H2
Installed on	‎14/‎07/‎2020
OS build	19042.867
Experience	Windows Feature Experience Pack 120.2212.551.0

There's no du on Windows and I don't know how to clear disk cache on Windows, so we run a limited set of benchmarks.

hyperfine -L exe .\target\release\rdu-sync.exe,.\target\release\rdu-async-seq.exe,.\target\release\rdu-async-par.exe '{exe} -hs ..\rdu-test'

hyperfine -L exe .\target\release\rdu-sync.exe,.\target\release\rdu-async-seq.exe,.\target\release\rdu-async-par.exe '{exe} -hs ..\rdu-test'
Benchmark #1: .\target\release\rdu-sync.exe -hs ..\rdu-test
  Time (mean ± σ):      4.780 s ±  0.038 s    [User: 2.8 ms, System: 4.1 ms]
  Range (min … max):    4.736 s …  4.860 s    10 runs

Benchmark #2: .\target\release\rdu-async-seq.exe -hs ..\rdu-test
  Time (mean ± σ):     10.561 s ±  0.066 s    [User: 2.8 ms, System: 2.7 ms]
  Range (min … max):   10.443 s … 10.644 s    10 runs

Benchmark #3: .\target\release\rdu-async-par.exe -hs ..\rdu-test
  Time (mean ± σ):      3.308 s ±  0.016 s    [User: 1.4 ms, System: 4.1 ms]
  Range (min … max):    3.283 s …  3.340 s    10 runs

Summary
  '.\target\release\rdu-async-par.exe -hs ..\rdu-test' ran
    1.45 ± 0.01 times faster than '.\target\release\rdu-sync.exe -hs ..\rdu-test'
    3.19 ± 0.03 times faster than '.\target\release\rdu-async-seq.exe -hs ..\rdu-test'

A very-very different picture on Windows. The blocking version is quite slow! Looks like there are no optimizations in Windows to speed up this type of operations, compared to Linux. (Perhaps somebody who knows Windows IO better could shed light on this?)

async-seq variant is still quite slow, but async-par seems to be the best option on Linux despite the increased code complexity.