_________________________________ 
                   /                                 \ 
                   |   ______   ______   _______     |
                   |  |  ____| |  __  \ |__   __|    |
                   |  | |__    | |__) |    | |       |
                   |  |  __|   |  _  /     | |       |
                   |  | |____  | | \ \     | |       |
                   |  |______| |_|  \_\    |_|       |
                   |                                 |
                   |  Ensemble based Reservoir Tool  |
                   \_________________________________/


------------------------------------------------------------------------

   1. ERT
   2. ECLIPSE utilities.
   3. Building ERT
      3.1 CMake settings you might want to adjust
   4. The code:
     4.1 The different libraries
     4.2 The general structure
     4.3 Python wrappers
   5. Tests

------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. ERT

ERT - Ensemble based Reservoir Tool is a tool for managing an ensemble
of reservoir models. The initial motivation for creating ERT was a as
tool to do assisted history matching with the Ensemble Kalman Filter
(EnKF). Very briefly, the process of using EnKF for history matching
can be summarized as:

   1. Sample initial reservoir parameters from a (Gaussian) initial
      distribution.

   2. Simulate the ensemble of of reservoir forward in time through a
      part of the historical period for which data is available.

   3. Load the results, compare with the observed data, update the
      parameters and the state of reservoir by filtering out the most
      inacurate results, and restart the forward simulations.

This recipe is quite complex technically, and in particular involves
the ability to read and write input and output files from the
reservoir simulator (i.e. ECLIPSE in the case of ERT), run simulations
with arbitrary external programs, plotting data and so on. This
implies that a quite significant technical machinery must be in place
before the EnKF algorithm as such can be utilizied. This in particular
applies to real industry reservoir models, where typically
imperfections of all kinds flourish.

Despite the fact that the initial motivation for creating ERT was to
be able to use the EnKF algorithm for history matching, ERT is
currently more used with the Ensemble Smoother and also purely as a
workflow manager, i.e. herding a large collection of reservoir models
through the required simulations steps.


2. ECLIPSE Utilities

ERT has a quite large amount of code devoted to reading and writing
the ECLIPSE output files (grid/rft/restart/init/summary). In addition,
there is also reasonable support for reading and writing the grdecl
input files, but there is no general .DATA file parser. The ability to
read and write ECLIPSE output files is valuable in many reservoir
applications, and it is possible to only build and use the libecl
(with support libraries) library for working with ECLIPSE files. In
fact, the default build setup is to only build the ECLIPSE related
library and utilities. This part of the ERT distribution can also be
built on Windows with Visual Studio (albeit with maaaany warnings) and
with MinGW.


3. Building ERT

CMake is the build system for ERT. The top level CMakeLists.txt file
is located in the devel/ directory, and this CMakeLists.txt file
includes individual CMakeLists.txt files for the different libraries.

Building with CMake is performed like this:

  1. Create a build directory, this can in principle be anywhere in
     the filesystem. At the same level as the devel/ directory is a
     practical choice.

  2. Go to the build directory and invoke the command:
  
        ccmake <path/to/directory/containing/CMakeLists.txt> 

     Go through several 'configure' steps with CMake and generate
     native build files.

  3. Exit ccmake and invoke the native build system, i.e. ordinarily
     'make' on Linux.

  4. Subsequent builds can be performed using just the native make
     command, as in step 3.

3.1 CMake settings you might want to adjust

The main setting you should adjust is BUILD_ERT which is default to
OFF, i.e.  by default only the ECLIPSE related utilities will be
built. The build system has numerous configurations checks; the
ECLIPSE utilities should build on Windows, but to build all of ERT you
will need a Linux (Posix) system.


4. The code

The code is mainly a collection of libraries written in C.

4.1 The different libraries

The provided libraries are:

   libert_util: This library is a collection of utilities of various
      sorts; if C++ had been chosen as implementation language, most of
      these utilities could probably be replaced by standard C++ classes.

   libgeometry: This is a very small geometry library; the main code
      is a small implementantion of an alorithm to determine whether a
      point is inside a polyhedron. The ECLIPSE library has some
      geometry related code which should be moved here.

   libwell: This library will load well information from an ECLIPSE
      restart file.  This is mainly for the purpose of visualization
      of the existing wells, and can not be used to update or model
      the well configuration.

   libecl: This library will read and (partly) write the various
      binary ECLIPSE files, including GRID/EGRID, summary, INIT,
      restart and RFT files. There is also support for reading an
      writing grdecl formatted files, but there is no support for
      general parsing of the ECLIPSE input format.
   
   ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

   librms: This is a library for reading and writing RMS Roff
      files. It turns out that ECLIPSE file formats is by far the most
      common external file format for RMS and that the ROFF support is
      not essential for this reason.

   libconfig: This library implements a parser for the ERT config file
      format, this format is used in the main ERT configuration file,
      and also in several small special-purpose configuration files used
      by ERT. The config format parsed by this library was inspired by
      the ECLIPSE format, in retrospect that was a mistake - it should
      have been based on a standard format like xml.

      To confuse things even further, the libconfig library implements
      /two/ formats for configuration files -- the 'second format' is
      implemented in the file conf.c, and only used as format for the
      observations in ERT.

   libplot: A *very* simple library for creating plots which only
      satisfies the needs of ERT.

   libanalysis: The EnKF algorithm is implemented in this library.

   libjob_queue: This library implements a system to manage and run
      simulations in the form of external programs. The library has a
      queue manager, and a system with drivers which communicate with
      the underlying system. Currently, the library has a LSF driver
      to work with LSF, a LOCAL driver which starts simulations on the
      current workstation and a RSH driver which submits jobs to a
      'cluster' of workstation using ssh.

   libenkf: This is the main functionality which is ERT specific; this
      library is too large.


4.2 General structure

The code is written in C, but conventions give a 'scent of object
orientation'. Most of the code is uses the following conventions:

   - Every file 'xxx' implements a data type 'xxx_type' - this naming
     convention is quite strong.

   - All the structure definitions are in the source files,
     i.e. external scopes must access the data of a structure
     through accessor functions.

   - All functions which operate on a type 'xxx_type' take a pointer
     to xxx_type as their first argument, the structure closely
     resemble the 'self' argument used when implementing Python
     classes.

   - Memory management is manual; however there are some conventions:
     * Functions allocating storage have _alloc_ as part of the name.
     * For all functions xxx_alloc() which allocate memory, there
       should be a matching xxx_free() function to discard the objects.
     * Containers can optionally destroy their content if the content
       is installed with a destructor.
 
   - In libert_util/src/type_macros.h there is a macro based
     'type-system' which is used to runtime check casts of (void *).

   
4.3 Python wrappers
     
Some of the code, in particular the ECLIPSE related functionality, has
been wrapped for usage in Python. Using these wrappers, it is quite
easy work with ECLIPSE files. The python wrappers are quite well
documented both in the directory devel/python/docs and in the Python
classes themselves.


5. Tests

The ERT codebase has a small but increasing test coverage. The tests
are typically located in a per-library subdirectory tests/. The test
framework is based on ctest which basically works like this:

  1. In the CMakeLists.txt file testing is enabled with
     ENABLE_TESTING().

  2. Tests are added with:

        add_test( test_name test_executable arg1 arg2 arg3 ... )

     If the executable exits with status 0 the test has passed,
     otherwise it has failed. The executable run by the test can
     typically be an executable built as part of the solution, but can
     in principle be an arbitrary executable like a dedicated test
     runner or e.g. the Python interpreter.

5.1 Testing of C code

The main part of the testing infrastructure are small C applications
which are added like this:

    add_executable( test_exe test_source.c )
    target_link_libraries( test_exe lib )
    add_test( test_name ${EXECUTABLE_OUTPUT_PATH}/test_exe commandline_arg1 commandline_arg2 )

Where the first two lines create the test executable in the normal
way, and the last line adds it as a test.

5.2 Testing of Python Code

In devel/python/test there are several files with Python tests, these
files are executable files and they are invoked directly from the
command line. A limited number of the tests have been integrated in the
ctest system.

5.3 Test names

The tests in the cmake build system follow the naming convention of
the library regarding the functionality which they are testing: For
example, all tests for the libecl library use a name starting with
'ecl' and all tests for the tests for the config library are prefixed
by 'config'. The ctest options -R and -E can be used to include and
exclude tests based on their name

   ctest -R ecl      # Run all tests containing the regular expression 'ecl'
   ctest -E ecl      # Run all tests NOT containing the regular expression 'ecl'


5.4 Test labels

Using the cmake set_property() function it is possible to assign
labels to the test, and the -L and -LE options to ctest can be used to
limit which tests to run. A test can only have one label; in the
current ctest setup different labels are combined into one composite
label with a ":" separator, e.g. 

      set_property( TEST test_xxx PROPERTY LABELS StatoilData:Python)

will set the 'StatoilData' and 'Python' properties on test_xxx. The
labels currently available in the ERT test setup are:

   StatoilData: This implies that the test makes use of Statoil
      internal data. If you are work for the Bergen office of Statoil,
      you can read the the file devel/test-data/README for
      instructions on how to make this data available.

      If you are not for Statoil in Bergen, you must pass the option:
      "-EL StatoilData" to ctest to skip all the tests which require
      Statoil internal data.

   StatoilBuild: There is one python test which makes use of Statoil
      internal configuration data, this test is labeled with
      StatoilBuild. If you want to run this test, you must set the
      cmake option ECL_LOCAL_TARGET to point to a file which contains
      these local configuration settings, e.g. where the ECLIPSE binary
      is installed.

   Python: This label is used to indicate that the test uses Python.

   LSF: This labels indicates that the test needs a working LSF
      environment to run.


5.5 ctest examples

   ctest -L Statoil         # Run all tests labeled with Statoil - both
                            # StatoilData and StatoilBuild

   ctest -EL "Statoil|LSF"  # Exclude all tests labeled with Statoil or LSF.