Speedup 04: quick trace selection

[flixha]

What does this PR do?

• 4x / 100x speedup for trace selection in detection, lag_calc, pre_processing

Why was it initiated? Any relevant Issues?

• trace selection by trace id from a stream is still something that takes more time than it needs to when working with many thousand (100K?) traces, even after ~10x speedup for selecting traces from Stream by non-wildcarded trace ID obspy/obspy#2886.
• When a user doesn't need wildcard selection, than the simple selection function can be sped up by a factor of 4 compared to obspy.stream.select
• For the time when the order of traces in a stream does not change and a lot of traces need to be selected from that stream, then it's possible to speed up the selection by a factor of ~100 with a dict-lookup - this is very relevant for the template preparation in _prep_data_for_correlation

This PR contributes to the summary issue in #522

PR Checklist

• develop base branch selected?
• This PR is not directly related to an existing issue (which has no PR yet).
• All tests still pass.
  - [ ] Any new features or fixed regressions are be covered via new tests.
• Any new or changed features have are fully documented.
• Significant changes have been added to CHANGES.md.
  - [ ] First time contributors have added your name to CONTRIBUTORS.md.

[calum-chamberlain]

Looks great to me and tests were passing. Nice speedup!