Fix #9815: fix caching for quick-jobs CI (XDG, cache keys) (backport #9845)

[mergify]

Fix #9815:

• Cache ~/.local/state/cabal instead of ~/.cabal/store
• ~/.local/bin is used instead of ~/.cabal/bin and is already in the PATH
  (verify this by calling alex after installing it)

As I am passing by:

• bump cache action to v4
• double-quote $USER to keep actionlint happy
• move if from shell-level to job-level
• allow newest alex

UPDATE: This PR has been extended to

• use preinstalled GHC and Cabal in this workflow (saves 90sec on each job)
• clear the remains of the lexer goal in the Makefile (was removed in Add alex to build-tool-depends remove separate code gen #8980)
• while I am add it, use .PHONY systematically in Makefile
• fix caching for the quick-jobs
  • Use key from the build plan where possible
  • Use daily key for the doctest job
• update a generated file to make "Meta checks" pass

---

This is an automatic backport of pull request #9845 done by [Mergify](https://mergify.com).

[Mikolaj]

This is mutually CI-blocking with #10043 so, if nobody objects, let's merge this manually with red CI.

[ulysses4ever]

I think merging the other one (#10043) manually is better because that one is simpler.

[ulysses4ever]

Hopefully, my manual conflict resolution went well...

[ulysses4ever]

@mergify rebase

[mergify]

rebase

❌ Base branch update has failed

Git reported the following error:

Rebasing (1/9)
Auto-merging .github/workflows/quick-jobs.yml
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in .github/workflows/quick-jobs.yml
error: could not apply 387c17d2f... Fix #9815: switch quick-jobs CI to XDG
hint: Resolve all conflicts manually, mark them as resolved with
hint: "git add/rm <conflicted_files>", then run "git rebase --continue".
hint: You can instead skip this commit: run "git rebase --skip".
hint: To abort and get back to the state before "git rebase", run "git rebase --abort".
Could not apply 387c17d2f... Fix #9815: switch quick-jobs CI to XDG