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Setting the last trit to
0
--instead of some deterministic padding scheme (e.g. ISO/IEC 7816-4)--means there are three possible inputs that produce the same hash output.This is technically a collision in Kerl (but not a collision in Keccak-384), but since it's unique to Iota and a direct consequence of a design decision (and therefore expected), and collisions are a (rather fun) type of vulnerability in cryptographic hash functions, I opted to coin the term "kerlission" instead.
This pull request adds test cases so that anyone auditing your code knows that kerlissions are totally expected.
Full write-up: Kerlissions in IOTA's Kerl hash function