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Kuzushiji-MNIST

License: CC BY-SA 4.0
📚 Read the paper to learn more about Kuzushiji, the datasets and our motivations for making them!

Citing Kuzushiji-MNIST

If you use any of the Kuzushiji datasets in your work, we would appreciate a reference to our paper:

Deep Learning for Classical Japanese Literature. Tarin Clanuwat et al. arXiv:1812.01718

@online{clanuwat2018deep,
  author       = {Tarin Clanuwat and Mikel Bober-Irizar and Asanobu Kitamoto and Alex Lamb and Kazuaki Yamamoto and David Ha},
  title        = {Deep Learning for Classical Japanese Literature},
  date         = {2018-12-03},
  year         = {2018},
  eprintclass  = {cs.CV},
  eprinttype   = {arXiv},
  eprint       = {cs.CV/1812.01718},
}

News and Updates

IMPORTANT If you downloaded the KMNIST and K49 datasets before 5 February 2019, please kindly download the dataset and run your code again. We fixed minor bugs due to image processing and it might slightly change the result number. Thank you for your coorporation.

The Dataset

Kuzushiji-MNIST is a drop-in replacement for the MNIST dataset (28x28 grayscale, 70,000 images), provided in the original MNIST format as well as a NumPy format. Since MNIST restricts us to 10 classes, we chose one character to represent each of the 10 rows of Hiragana when creating Kuzushiji-MNIST.

Kuzushiji-49, as the name suggests, has 49 classes (28x28 grayscale, 270,912 images), is a much larger, but imbalanced dataset containing 48 Hiragana characters and one Hiragana iteration mark.

Kuzushiji-Kanji is an imbalanced dataset of total 3832 Kanji characters (64x64 grayscale, 140,426 images), ranging from 1,766 examples to only a single example per class.

The 10 classes of Kuzushiji-MNIST, with the first column showing each character's modern hiragana counterpart.

Get the data 💾

🌟 You can run python download_data.py to interactively select and download any of these datasets!

Kuzushiji-MNIST

Kuzushiji-MNIST contains 70,000 28x28 grayscale images spanning 10 classes (one from each column of hiragana), and is perfectly balanced like the original MNIST dataset (6k/1k train/test for each class).

File Examples Download (MNIST format) Download (NumPy format)
Training images 60,000 train-images-idx3-ubyte.gz (18MB) kmnist-train-imgs.npz (18MB)
Training labels 60,000 train-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz (30KB) kmnist-train-labels.npz (30KB)
Testing images 10,000 t10k-images-idx3-ubyte.gz (3MB) kmnist-test-imgs.npz (3MB)
Testing labels 10,000 t10k-labels-idx1-ubyte.gz (5KB) kmnist-test-labels.npz (5KB)

Mapping from class indices to characters: kmnist_classmap.csv (1KB)

We recommend using standard top-1 accuracy on the test set for evaluating on Kuzushiji-MNIST.

Which format do I download?

If you're looking for a drop-in replacement for the MNIST or Fashion-MNIST dataset (for tools that currently work with these datasets), download the data in MNIST format.

Otherwise, it's recommended to download in NumPy format, which can be loaded into an array as easy as:
arr = np.load(filename)['arr_0'].

Kuzushiji-49

Kuzushiji-49 contains 270,912 images spanning 49 classes, and is an extension of the Kuzushiji-MNIST dataset.

File Examples Download (NumPy format)
Training images 232,365 k49-train-imgs.npz (63MB)
Training labels 232,365 k49-train-labels.npz (200KB)
Testing images 38,547 k49-test-imgs.npz (11MB)
Testing labels 38,547 k49-test-labels.npz (50KB)

Mapping from class indices to characters: k49_classmap.csv (1KB)

We recommend using balanced accuracy on the test set for evaluating on Kuzushiji-49.

Kuzushiji-Kanji

Kuzushiji-Kanji is a large and highly imbalanced 64x64 dataset of 3832 Kanji characters, containing 140,426 images of both common and rare characters.

The full dataset is available for download here (310MB).
We plan to release a train/test split version as a low-shot learning dataset very soon.

Examples of Kuzushiji-Kanji classes

Benchmarks & Results 📈

Have more results to add to the table? Feel free to submit an issue or pull request!

Model MNIST Kuzushiji-MNIST Kuzushiji-49 Credit
4-Nearest Neighbour Baseline 97.14% 91.56% 86.01%
Tuned SVM (RBF kernel) 98.57% 92.82% TomZephire
Keras Simple CNN Benchmark 99.06% 95.12% 89.25%
PreActResNet-18 99.56% 97.82% 96.64%
PreActResNet-18 + Input Mixup 99.54% 98.41% 97.04%
PreActResNet-18 + Manifold Mixup 99.54% 98.83% 97.33%
ResNet18 + VGG Ensemble 99.60% 98.90% Rani Horev

For MNIST and Kuzushiji-MNIST we use a standard accuracy metric, while Kuzushiji-49 is evaluated using balanced accuracy (so that all classes have equal weight).

License

Both the dataset itself and the contents of this repo are licensed under a permissive CC BY-SA 4.0 license, except where specified within some benchmark scripts. CC BY-SA 4.0 license requires attribution, and we would suggest to use the following attribution to the KMNIST dataset.

"KMNIST Dataset" (created by CODH), adapted from "Kuzushiji Dataset" (created by NIJL and others), doi:10.20676/00000341

Related datasets

Kuzushiji Dataset http://codh.rois.ac.jp/char-shape/ offers 4,645 character types and 684,165 character images with CSV files containing the bounding box of characters on the original page images. At this moment, the description of the dataset is available only in Japanese, but the English version will be available soon.

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