feat(linear_algebra/sesquilinear_form): Add orthogonality properties (#…

…10992)

Generalize lemmas about orthogonality from bilinear forms to sesquilinear forms.

src/linear_algebra/bilinear_map.lean

@@ -37,16 +37,20 @@ section semiring
 variables {R : Type*} [semiring R] {S : Type*} [semiring S]
 variables {R₂ : Type*} [semiring R₂] {S₂ : Type*} [semiring S₂]
 variables {M : Type*} {N : Type*} {P : Type*}
+variables {M₂ : Type*} {N₂ : Type*} {P₂ : Type*}
 variables {Nₗ : Type*} {Pₗ : Type*}
 variables {M' : Type*} {N' : Type*} {P' : Type*}
 
 variables [add_comm_monoid M] [add_comm_monoid N] [add_comm_monoid P]
+variables [add_comm_monoid M₂] [add_comm_monoid N₂] [add_comm_monoid P₂]
 variables [add_comm_monoid Nₗ] [add_comm_monoid Pₗ]
 variables [add_comm_group M'] [add_comm_group N'] [add_comm_group P']
 variables [module R M] [module S N] [module R₂ P] [module S₂ P]
+variables [module R M₂] [module S N₂] [module R P₂] [module S₂ P₂]
 variables [module R Pₗ] [module S Pₗ]
 variables [module R M'] [module S N'] [module R₂ P'] [module S₂ P']
 variables [smul_comm_class S₂ R₂ P] [smul_comm_class S R Pₗ] [smul_comm_class S₂ R₂ P']
+variables [smul_comm_class S₂ R P₂]
 variables {ρ₁₂ : R →+* R₂} {σ₁₂ : S →+* S₂}
 
 variables (ρ₁₂ σ₁₂)
@@ -120,7 +124,7 @@ theorem map_sub₂ (f : M' →ₛₗ[ρ₁₂] N →ₛₗ[σ₁₂] P') (x y z)
 theorem map_add₂ (f : M →ₛₗ[ρ₁₂] N →ₛₗ[σ₁₂] P) (x₁ x₂ y) : f (x₁ + x₂) y = f x₁ y + f x₂ y :=
 (flip f y).map_add _ _
 
-theorem map_smul₂ (f : M →ₗ[R] N →ₗ[S] Pₗ) (r : R) (x y) : f (r • x) y = r • f x y :=
+theorem map_smul₂ (f : M₂ →ₗ[R] N₂ →ₛₗ[σ₁₂] P₂) (r : R) (x y) : f (r • x) y = r • f x y :=
 (flip f y).map_smul _ _
 
 theorem map_smulₛₗ₂ (f : M →ₛₗ[ρ₁₂] N →ₛₗ[σ₁₂] P) (r : R) (x y) : f (r • x) y = (ρ₁₂ r) • f x y :=

src/linear_algebra/sesquilinear_form.lean

@@ -5,22 +5,25 @@ Authors: Andreas Swerdlow
 -/
 import algebra.module.linear_map
 import linear_algebra.bilinear_map
+import linear_algebra.matrix.basis
 
 /-!
 # Sesquilinear form
 
-This file defines a sesquilinear form over a module. The definition requires a ring antiautomorphism
-on the scalar ring. Basic ideas such as
-orthogonality are also introduced.
+This files provides properties about sesquilinear forms. The maps considered are of the form
+`M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] M₂ →ₛₗ[I₂] R`, where `I₁ : R₁ →+* R` and `I₂ : R₂ →+* R` are ring homomorphisms and
+`M₁` is a module over `R₁` and `M₂` is a module over `R₂`.
+Sesquilinear forms are the special case that `M₁ = M₂`, `R₁ = R₂ = R`, and `I₁ = ring_hom.id R`.
+Taking additionally `I₂ = ring_hom.id R`, then one obtains bilinear forms.
 
-A sesquilinear form on an `R`-module `M`, is a function from `M × M` to `R`, that is linear in the
-first argument and antilinear in the second, with respect to an antiautomorphism on `R` (an
-antiisomorphism from `R` to `R`).
+These forms are a special case of the bilinear maps defined in `bilinear_map.lean` and all basic
+lemmas about construction and elementary calculations are found there.
 
-## Notations
+## Main declarations
 
-Given any term `S` of type `sesq_form`, due to a coercion, can use the notation `S x y` to
-refer to the function field, ie. `S x y = S.sesq x y`.
+* `is_ortho`: states that two vectors are orthogonal with respect to a sesquilinear form
+* `is_symm`, `is_alt`: states that a sesquilinear form is symmetric and alternating, respectively
+* `orthogonal_bilin`: provides the orthogonal complement with respect to sesquilinear form
 
 ## References
 
@@ -33,68 +36,107 @@ Sesquilinear form,
 
 open_locale big_operators
 
+variables {R R₁ R₂ R₃ M M₁ M₂ K K₁ K₂ V V₁ V₂ n: Type*}
+
 namespace linear_map
 
+/-! ### Orthogonal vectors -/
+
 section comm_ring
 
 -- the `ₗ` subscript variables are for special cases about linear (as opposed to semilinear) maps
-variables {R : Type*} {M : Type*} [comm_semiring R] [add_comm_monoid M] [module R M]
-  {I : R →+* R}
+variables [comm_semiring R] [comm_semiring R₁] [add_comm_monoid M₁] [module R₁ M₁]
+  [comm_semiring R₂] [add_comm_monoid M₂] [module R₂ M₂]
+  {I₁ : R₁ →+* R} {I₂ : R₂ →+* R} {I₁' : R₁ →+* R}
 
 /-- The proposition that two elements of a sesquilinear form space are orthogonal -/
-def is_ortho (B : M →ₗ[R] M →ₛₗ[I] R) (x y) : Prop := B x y = 0
+def is_ortho (B : M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] M₂ →ₛₗ[I₂] R) (x y) : Prop := B x y = 0
 
-lemma is_ortho_def {B : M →ₗ[R] M →ₛₗ[I] R} {x y : M} :
+lemma is_ortho_def {B : M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] M₂ →ₛₗ[I₂] R} {x y} :
   B.is_ortho x y ↔ B x y = 0 := iff.rfl
 
-lemma is_ortho_zero_left (B : M →ₗ[R] M →ₛₗ[I] R) (x) : is_ortho B (0 : M) x :=
+lemma is_ortho_zero_left (B : M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] M₂ →ₛₗ[I₂] R) (x) : is_ortho B (0 : M₁) x :=
   by { dunfold is_ortho, rw [ map_zero B, zero_apply] }
 
-lemma is_ortho_zero_right (B : M →ₗ[R] M →ₛₗ[I] R) (x) : is_ortho B x (0 : M) :=
+lemma is_ortho_zero_right (B : M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] M₂ →ₛₗ[I₂] R) (x) : is_ortho B x (0 : M₂) :=
   map_zero (B x)
 
+/-- A set of vectors `v` is orthogonal with respect to some bilinear form `B` if and only
+if for all `i ≠ j`, `B (v i) (v j) = 0`. For orthogonality between two elements, use
+`bilin_form.is_ortho` -/
+def is_Ortho {n : Type*} (B : M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁'] R) (v : n → M₁) : Prop :=
+pairwise (B.is_ortho on v)
 
-end comm_ring
-section is_domain
+lemma is_Ortho_def {n : Type*} {B : M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁'] R} {v : n → M₁} :
+  B.is_Ortho v ↔ ∀ i j : n, i ≠ j → B (v i) (v j) = 0 := iff.rfl
 
-variables {R : Type*} {M : Type*} [comm_ring R] [is_domain R] [add_comm_group M]
-  [module R M]
-  {I : R ≃+* R}
-  {B : M →ₗ[R] M →ₛₗ[I.to_ring_hom] R}
+end comm_ring
+section field
 
+variables [field K] [field K₁] [add_comm_group V₁] [module K₁ V₁]
+  [field K₂] [add_comm_group V₂] [module K₂ V₂]
+  {I₁ : K₁ →+* K} {I₂ : K₂ →+* K} {I₁' : K₁ →+* K}
+  {J₁ : K →+* K} {J₂ : K →+* K}
 
-lemma ortho_smul_left {x y} {a : R} (ha : a ≠ 0) : (is_ortho B x y) ↔ (is_ortho B (a • x) y) :=
+-- todo: this also holds for [comm_ring R] [is_domain R] when J₁ is invertible
+lemma ortho_smul_left {B : V₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] V₂ →ₛₗ[I₂] K} {x y} {a : K₁} (ha : a ≠ 0) :
+  (is_ortho B x y) ↔ (is_ortho B (a • x) y) :=
 begin
   dunfold is_ortho,
   split; intro H,
-  { rw [map_smul, smul_apply, H, smul_zero] },
-  { rw [map_smul, smul_apply, smul_eq_zero] at H,
+  { rw [map_smulₛₗ₂, H, smul_zero]},
+  { rw [map_smulₛₗ₂, smul_eq_zero] at H,
     cases H,
-    { trivial },
+    { rw I₁.map_eq_zero at H, trivial },
     { exact H }}
 end
 
-lemma ortho_smul_right {x y} {a : R} {ha : a ≠ 0} : (is_ortho B x y) ↔ (is_ortho B x (a • y)) :=
+-- todo: this also holds for [comm_ring R] [is_domain R] when J₂ is invertible
+lemma ortho_smul_right {B : V₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] V₂ →ₛₗ[I₂] K} {x y} {a : K₂} {ha : a ≠ 0} :
+(is_ortho B x y) ↔ (is_ortho B x (a • y)) :=
 begin
   dunfold is_ortho,
   split; intro H,
   { rw [map_smulₛₗ, H, smul_zero] },
   { rw [map_smulₛₗ, smul_eq_zero] at H,
     cases H,
-    { rw [ring_equiv.to_ring_hom_eq_coe, ring_equiv.coe_to_ring_hom] at H,
+    { simp at H,
       exfalso,
-      exact ha (I.map_eq_zero_iff.mp H) },
+      exact ha H },
     { exact H }}
 end
 
-end is_domain
+/-- A set of orthogonal vectors `v` with respect to some sesquilinear form `B` is linearly
+  independent if for all `i`, `B (v i) (v i) ≠ 0`. -/
+lemma linear_independent_of_is_Ortho {B : V₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] V₁ →ₛₗ[I₁'] K} {v : n → V₁}
+  (hv₁ : B.is_Ortho v) (hv₂ : ∀ i, ¬ B.is_ortho (v i) (v i)) : linear_independent K₁ v :=
+begin
+  classical,
+  rw linear_independent_iff',
+  intros s w hs i hi,
+  have : B (s.sum $ λ (i : n), w i • v i) (v i) = 0,
+  { rw [hs, map_zero, zero_apply] },
+  have hsum : s.sum (λ (j : n), I₁(w j) * B (v j) (v i)) = I₁(w i) * B (v i) (v i),
+  { apply finset.sum_eq_single_of_mem i hi,
+    intros j hj hij,
+    rw [is_Ortho_def.1 hv₁ _ _ hij, mul_zero], },
+  simp_rw [B.map_sum₂, map_smulₛₗ₂, smul_eq_mul, hsum] at this,
+  apply I₁.map_eq_zero.mp,
+  exact eq_zero_of_ne_zero_of_mul_right_eq_zero (hv₂ i) this,
+end
+
+end field
+
+variables [comm_ring R] [add_comm_group M] [module R M]
+  [comm_ring R₁] [add_comm_group M₁] [module R₁ M₁]
+  {I : R →+* R} {I₁ : R₁ →+* R} {I₂ : R₁ →+* R}
+  {B : M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] M₁ →ₛₗ[I₂] R}
+  {B' : M →ₗ[R] M →ₛₗ[I] R}
 
-variables {R : Type*} {M : Type*} [comm_ring R] [add_comm_group M] [module R M]
-  {I : R →+* R}
-  {B : M →ₗ[R] M →ₛₗ[I] R}
+/-! ### Reflexive bilinear forms -/
 
 /-- The proposition that a sesquilinear form is reflexive -/
-def is_refl (B : M →ₗ[R] M →ₛₗ[I] R) : Prop :=
+def is_refl (B : M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] M₁ →ₛₗ[I₂] R) : Prop :=
   ∀ (x y), B x y = 0 → B y x = 0
 
 namespace is_refl
@@ -107,25 +149,29 @@ lemma ortho_comm {x y} : is_ortho B x y ↔ is_ortho B y x := ⟨eq_zero H, eq_z
 
 end is_refl
 
+/-! ### Symmetric bilinear forms -/
+
 /-- The proposition that a sesquilinear form is symmetric -/
 def is_symm (B : M →ₗ[R] M →ₛₗ[I] R) : Prop :=
-  ∀ (x y), (I (B x y)) = B y x
+  ∀ (x y), I (B x y) = B y x
 
 namespace is_symm
 
-variable (H : B.is_symm)
+variable (H : B'.is_symm)
 include H
 
-protected lemma eq (x y) : (I (B x y)) = B y x := H x y
+protected lemma eq (x y) : (I (B' x y)) = B' y x := H x y
 
-lemma is_refl : B.is_refl := λ x y H1, by { rw [←H], simp [H1] }
+lemma is_refl : B'.is_refl := λ x y H1, by { rw [←H], simp [H1] }
 
-lemma ortho_comm {x y} : is_ortho B x y ↔ is_ortho B y x := H.is_refl.ortho_comm
+lemma ortho_comm {x y} : is_ortho B' x y ↔ is_ortho B' y x := H.is_refl.ortho_comm
 
 end is_symm
 
+/-! ### Alternating bilinear forms -/
+
 /-- The proposition that a sesquilinear form is alternating -/
-def is_alt (B : M →ₗ[R] M →ₛₗ[I] R) : Prop := ∀ (x : M), B x x = 0
+def is_alt (B : M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] M₁ →ₛₗ[I₂] R) : Prop := ∀ x, B x x = 0
 
 namespace is_alt
 
@@ -146,11 +192,115 @@ end
 lemma is_refl : B.is_refl :=
 begin
   intros x y h,
-  rw [← neg H, h, neg_zero],
+  rw [←neg H, h, neg_zero],
 end
 
 lemma ortho_comm {x y} : is_ortho B x y ↔ is_ortho B y x := H.is_refl.ortho_comm
 
 end is_alt
 
 end linear_map
+
+namespace submodule
+
+/-! ### The orthogonal complement -/
+
+variables [comm_ring R] [comm_ring R₁] [add_comm_group M₁] [module R₁ M₁]
+  {I₁ : R₁ →+* R} {I₂ : R₁ →+* R}
+  {B : M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] M₁ →ₛₗ[I₂] R}
+
+/-- The orthogonal complement of a submodule `N` with respect to some bilinear form is the set of
+elements `x` which are orthogonal to all elements of `N`; i.e., for all `y` in `N`, `B x y = 0`.
+
+Note that for general (neither symmetric nor antisymmetric) bilinear forms this definition has a
+chirality; in addition to this "left" orthogonal complement one could define a "right" orthogonal
+complement for which, for all `y` in `N`, `B y x = 0`.  This variant definition is not currently
+provided in mathlib. -/
+def orthogonal_bilin (N : submodule R₁ M₁) (B : M₁ →ₛₗ[I₁] M₁ →ₛₗ[I₂] R) : submodule R₁ M₁ :=
+{ carrier := { m | ∀ n ∈ N, B.is_ortho n m },
+  zero_mem' := λ x _, B.is_ortho_zero_right x,
+  add_mem' := λ x y hx hy n hn,
+    by rw [linear_map.is_ortho, map_add, show B n x = 0, by exact hx n hn,
+        show B n y = 0, by exact hy n hn, zero_add],
+  smul_mem' := λ c x hx n hn,
+    by rw [linear_map.is_ortho, linear_map.map_smulₛₗ, show B n x = 0, by exact hx n hn,
+        smul_zero] }
+
+variables {N L : submodule R₁ M₁}
+
+@[simp] lemma mem_orthogonal_bilin_iff {m : M₁} :
+  m ∈ N.orthogonal_bilin B ↔ ∀ n ∈ N, B.is_ortho n m := iff.rfl
+
+lemma orthogonal_bilin_le (h : N ≤ L) : L.orthogonal_bilin B ≤ N.orthogonal_bilin B :=
+λ _ hn l hl, hn l (h hl)
+
+lemma le_orthogonal_bilin_orthogonal_bilin (b : B.is_refl) :
+  N ≤ (N.orthogonal_bilin B).orthogonal_bilin B :=
+λ n hn m hm, b _ _ (hm n hn)
+
+end submodule
+
+namespace linear_map
+
+section orthogonal
+
+variables [field K] [add_comm_group V] [module K V]
+  [field K₁] [add_comm_group V₁] [module K₁ V₁]
+  {J : K →+* K} {J₁ : K₁ →+* K} {J₁' : K₁ →+* K}
+
+-- ↓ This lemma only applies in fields as we require `a * b = 0 → a = 0 ∨ b = 0`
+lemma span_singleton_inf_orthogonal_eq_bot
+  (B : V₁ →ₛₗ[J₁] V₁ →ₛₗ[J₁'] K) (x : V₁) (hx : ¬ B.is_ortho x x) :
+  (K₁ ∙ x) ⊓ submodule.orthogonal_bilin (K₁ ∙ x) B = ⊥ :=
+begin
+  rw ← finset.coe_singleton,
+  refine eq_bot_iff.2 (λ y h, _),
+  rcases mem_span_finset.1 h.1 with ⟨μ, rfl⟩,
+  have := h.2 x _,
+  { rw finset.sum_singleton at this ⊢,
+    suffices hμzero : μ x = 0,
+    { rw [hμzero, zero_smul, submodule.mem_bot] },
+    change B x (μ x • x) = 0 at this, rw [map_smulₛₗ, smul_eq_mul] at this,
+    exact or.elim (zero_eq_mul.mp this.symm)
+    (λ y, by { simp at y, exact y })
+    (λ hfalse, false.elim $ hx hfalse) },
+  { rw submodule.mem_span; exact λ _ hp, hp $ finset.mem_singleton_self _ }
+end
+
+-- ↓ This lemma only applies in fields since we use the `mul_eq_zero`
+lemma orthogonal_span_singleton_eq_to_lin_ker {B : V →ₗ[K] V →ₛₗ[J] K} (x : V) :
+  submodule.orthogonal_bilin (K ∙ x) B = (B x).ker :=
+begin
+  ext y,
+  simp_rw [submodule.mem_orthogonal_bilin_iff, linear_map.mem_ker,
+           submodule.mem_span_singleton ],
+  split,
+  { exact λ h, h x ⟨1, one_smul _ _⟩ },
+  { rintro h _ ⟨z, rfl⟩,
+    rw [is_ortho, map_smulₛₗ₂, smul_eq_zero],
+    exact or.intro_right _ h }
+end
+
+
+-- todo: Generalize this to sesquilinear maps
+lemma span_singleton_sup_orthogonal_eq_top {B : V →ₗ[K] V →ₗ[K] K}
+  {x : V} (hx : ¬ B.is_ortho x x) :
+  (K ∙ x) ⊔ submodule.orthogonal_bilin (K ∙ x) B = ⊤ :=
+begin
+  rw orthogonal_span_singleton_eq_to_lin_ker,
+  exact (B x).span_singleton_sup_ker_eq_top hx,
+end
+
+
+-- todo: Generalize this to sesquilinear maps
+/-- Given a bilinear form `B` and some `x` such that `B x x ≠ 0`, the span of the singleton of `x`
+  is complement to its orthogonal complement. -/
+lemma is_compl_span_singleton_orthogonal {B : V →ₗ[K] V →ₗ[K] K}
+  {x : V} (hx : ¬ B.is_ortho x x) : is_compl (K ∙ x) (submodule.orthogonal_bilin (K ∙ x) B) :=
+{ inf_le_bot := eq_bot_iff.1 $
+    (span_singleton_inf_orthogonal_eq_bot B x hx),
+  top_le_sup := eq_top_iff.1 $ span_singleton_sup_orthogonal_eq_top hx }
+
+end orthogonal
+
+end linear_map