[docs] fix broken links

[jameslamb]

The check-links CI job is failing as a result of broken links (recent build).

This PR fixes those errors:

Kubeflow Fairing is no longer supported (click me)

URL        `https://www.kubeflow.org/docs/components/fairing/fairing-overview'
Name       `Kubeflow Fairing'
Parent URL file:///home/runner/work/LightGBM/LightGBM/docs/_build/html/Parallel-Learning-Guide.html, line 452, col 4
Real URL   https://www.kubeflow.org/docs/external-add-ons/fairing/fairing-overview
Check time 0.452 seconds
Warning    [http-redirected] Redirected to
           `https://www.kubeflow.org/docs/external-add-ons/fairing/fairing-overview'
           status: 301 Moved Permanently.
Result     Error: 404 Not Found

See kubeflow/fairing#573.

And at https://github.com/kubeflow/fairing/tree/master

And https://www.kubeflow.org/docs/external-add-ons/fairing/fairing-overview

Paris Kaggle Meetup slides have been removed or made private (click me)

URL        `https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6qJBmoIxFe0ZHNCOXdoRWMxUm8/view'
Name       `Kaggle Paris Meetup #12 Slides'
Parent URL file:///home/runner/work/LightGBM/LightGBM/docs/_build/html/gcc-Tips.html, line 124, col 8
Real URL   https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6qJBmoIxFe0ZHNCOXdoRWMxUm8/view
Check time 0.549 seconds
Result     Error: 401 Unauthorized

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B6qJBmoIxFe0ZHNCOXdoRWMxUm8/view

MSLR dataset moved (click me)

URL        `http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/mslr/'
Name       `link'
Parent URL file:///home/runner/work/LightGBM/LightGBM/docs/_build/html/Experiments.html, line 159, col 8
Real URL   https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/redirect/?ref=https://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/mslr/
Check time 62.618 seconds
Size       0B
Warning    [http-redirected] Redirected to
           `https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/redirect/?ref=https://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/mslr/'
           status: 301 Moved Permanently.
Result     Error: ReadTimeout: HTTPSConnectionPool(host='www.microsoft.com', port=443): Read timed out. (read timeout=60)

SWIG docs site requests sometimes fail (click me)

URL        `http://www.swig.org/download.html'
Name       `SWIG'
Parent URL file:///home/runner/work/LightGBM/LightGBM/docs/_build/html/Installation-Guide.html, line 791, col 16
Real URL   http://www.swig.org/download.html
Check time 10.217 seconds
Result     Error: ConnectionError: HTTPConnectionPool(host='www.swig.org', port=80): Max retries exceeded with url: /download.html (Caused by NameResolutionError("<urllib3.connection.HTTPConnection object at 0x7fc81fd499a0>: Failed to resolve 'www.swig.org' ...

I suspect that that might be a result of the use of http:// instead of https://... maybe that site is doing a redirection of http:// traffic that results in failures.

While looking through this, I also saw 2 warnings about redirects from http:// to https:// pages.. this PR fixes those as well.

redirects (click me)

URL        `http://stackoverflow.com/questions/18085571/pip-install-error-setup-script-specifies-an-absolute-path'
Name       `this thread on stackoverflow'
Parent URL file:///home/runner/work/LightGBM/LightGBM/docs/_build/html/FAQ.html, line 383, col 10
Real URL   https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18085571/pip-install-error-setup-script-specifies-an-absolute-path
Check time 0.318 seconds
Warning    [http-redirected] Redirected to
           `https://stackoverflow.com/questions/18085571/pip-install-error-setup-script-specifies-an-absolute-path'
           status: 301 Moved Permanently.

URL        `http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvmtools/datasets/binary.html'
Name       `link2'
Parent URL file:///home/runner/work/LightGBM/LightGBM/docs/_build/html/GPU-Performance.html, line 162, col 8
Real URL   https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvmtools/datasets/binary.html
Check time 3.449 seconds
Size       9KB
Warning    [http-redirected] Redirected to
           `https://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvmtools/datasets/binary.html'
           status: 301 Moved Permanently.

Notes for Reviewers

✅ triggered the job on this branch and saw it succeed: https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/actions/runs/6766631790

[jameslamb]

It looks like as of the most recent release of linkchecker (v10.3.0), HTTP redirects now throw a warning.

From this PR: linkchecker/linkchecker#750

That's leading to this job failing even with 0 errors. (example build)

That's it. 1087 links in 1115 URLs checked. 28 warnings found. 0 errors found.
Error: Process completed with exit code 255.

In this PR, I'm proposing not considering the presence of such warnings to cause the job to fail. It'll take some time to go through the 28 warnings and fix them, and I'd prefer to get this job working again as soon as possible to catch truly broken links.

If reviewers agree, I'll put up a new issue documenting the desire to remove this filter and enforce no-redirects in this job again.

[jameslamb]

I triggered check-links on this branch before adding this change to the config: https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/actions/runs/6766475624/job/18387635055

And despite there being 0 errors in the result ...

That's it. 1088 links in 1116 URLs checked. 28 warnings found. 0 errors found.
Stopped checking at 2023-11-06 05:04:50+000 (6 minutes, 20 seconds)

... it's still failing

Error: Process completed with exit code 255.

I suspect that maybe linkchecker returns a non-0 exit code if any warnings are found. The last successful run in this project was https://github.com/microsoft/LightGBM/actions/runs/6219774651/job/16878494852, and that ended with:

That's it. 1089 links in 1125 URLs checked. 0 warnings found. 0 errors found.