Add additional logging and defenses to artifacts use.

[BillyONeal]

Should fix microsoft/vcpkg#26172
Helps debug microsoft/vcpkg#30051

[dan-shaw]

I don't think we need this if statement, Debug::print should already check if we are in debug mode.

[BillyONeal]

This was done to avoid the cost of the format but that's premature, yes.

[autoantwort]

I don't know if this was intentional but this changed the output from

➜  vcpkg git:(master) ✗ vcpkg x-download test --url=https://github.com/KjellKod/g3log/archive/2.3.tar.gz --sha512=deba3c569dc4b7fc55129b754cd2ba8a9b59f4520014edbbfd316367d7085ac18dd33e354803b4dbe6be982a2e74509d7dc5b36b3b1e0cfcb1033207aaf5c9b2
error: Failed to download from mirror set
error: https://s3.hilton.rwth-aachen.de/assetcache/deba3c569dc4b7fc55129b754cd2ba8a9b59f4520014edbbfd316367d7085ac18dd33e354803b4dbe6be982a2e74509d7dc5b36b3b1e0cfcb1033207aaf5c9b2: curl failed to download with exit code 22
error: File does not have the expected hash:
url: https://github.com/KjellKod/g3log/archive/2.3.tar.gz
File: /Users/leanderSchulten/git_projekte/vcpkg/test.97889.part
Expected hash: deba3c569dc4b7fc55129b754cd2ba8a9b59f4520014edbbfd316367d7085ac18dd33e354803b4dbe6be982a2e74509d7dc5b36b3b1e0cfcb1033207aaf5c9b2
Actual hash: cf88bd604a82dd4cd2d2677bbda6f495f4357157d693125cd0df45f84b1976fc6b9dba9eddb5e9ae105e4fc15665ae37c86e9c02aba93d4bb7ba668c88bfddb9

to

➜  vcpkg git:(master) ✗ vcpkg x-download test --url=https://github.com/KjellKod/g3log/archive/2.3.tar.gz --sha512=deba3c569dc4b7fc55129b754cd2ba8a9b59f4520014edbbfd316367d7085ac18dd33e354803b4dbe6be982a2e74509d7dc5b36b3b1e0cfcb1033207aaf5c9b2
error: Failed to download from mirror set
error: https://s3.hilton.rwth-aachen.de/assetcache/deba3c569dc4b7fc55129b754cd2ba8a9b59f4520014edbbfd316367d7085ac18dd33e354803b4dbe6be982a2e74509d7dc5b36b3b1e0cfcb1033207aaf5c9b2: curl failed to download with exit code 22
 
 
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error: File does not have the expected hash:
url: https://github.com/KjellKod/g3log/archive/2.3.tar.gz
File: /Users/leanderSchulten/git_projekte/vcpkg/test.18445.part
Expected hash: deba3c569dc4b7fc55129b754cd2ba8a9b59f4520014edbbfd316367d7085ac18dd33e354803b4dbe6be982a2e74509d7dc5b36b3b1e0cfcb1033207aaf5c9b2
Actual hash: cf88bd604a82dd4cd2d2677bbda6f495f4357157d693125cd0df45f84b1976fc6b9dba9eddb5e9ae105e4fc15665ae37c86e9c02aba93d4bb7ba668c88bfddb9

which is also shown to use users in case of a hash mismatch.