[sqlite3] Update to 3.40.1, misc fixes

[dg0yt]

Fixes CVE-2022-46908.
Fixes non-windows build errors for features fts5 and math due to missing libm.
Cleanup of configuration inconsistencies in CMakeLists.txt.

• Changes comply with the maintainer guide
• SHA512s are updated for each updated download
• The "supports" clause reflects platforms that may be fixed by this new version
• Any fixed CI baseline entries are removed from that file.
• Any patches that are no longer applied are deleted from the port's directory.
• The version database is fixed by rerunning ./vcpkg x-add-version --all and committing the result.
• Only one version is added to each modified port's versions file.

[BillyONeal]

Thanks for the update!