[aws-sdk-cpp] Fix linking issue when using MinGW

[fwosar]

It appears like the aws-sdk-cpp maintainers, in an attempt to avoid a warning when compiling with Visual Studio, opted to use a Microsoft-only function for reading environment variables. As a result, linking the library will fail in MinGW environments. This PR adds a patch to aws-sdk-cpp port that will replace the non-standard function with a standard compliant version when being compiled for Windows using a non-Microsoft compiler.

• Changes comply with the maintainer guide.
• SHA512s are updated for each updated download.
• The "supports" clause reflects platforms that may be fixed by this new version.
• Any fixed CI baseline entries are removed from that file.
• Any patches that are no longer applied are deleted from the port's directory.
• The version database is fixed by rerunning ./vcpkg x-add-version --all and committing the result.
• Only one version is added to each modified port's versions file.