Rush Language = Python's syntax + C++'s fast + Lisp's power

Why need it？

Reason 1: Rush support similar Python syntax without braces, and is compatible with 60% of the C++ syntax, Rush itself using standard C++ compiler to compile or self compiled.

Reason 2: Rush can be interpreted or compiled, it dominated statically typed, no GC, and support translate to C++, so can be nearly achieved C++'s efficiency.

Reason 3: It using Lisp as intermediate layer, support mixin, macro, meta-programming and a variety of dynamic characteristics, also support call by name, call by need and call by value.

Reason 4: Rush's design goal is simple, fast, stable, fully open source, it's source code structure is much simpler than lua, but it's ability is not less than lua.

Rush overall design: (red part is not belong to Rush)

Rush coding style 1: (pseudo-code like 'Introduction to Algorithms')

define ← =

void insertion_sort(rstr& a):
	for j ← 1; j<a.count; j ← j+1
		key ← a[j]
		i ← j-1
		while i>=0 && a[i]>key
			a[i+1] ← a[i]
			i ← i-1
		a[i+1] ← key

Rush coding style 2: (like Python without braces)

bool next_permutation<T>(rbuf<T>& v):
	if v.count<=1  
		return false  
	next=v.count-1  
	for  
		temp=next  
		next--  
		if v[next]<v[temp]  
			mid=v.count-1  
			for !(v[next]<v[mid])  
				mid--  
			swap<T>(v[next],v[mid])  
			reverse<T>(v,temp)  
			return true  
		if next==0  
			reverse<T>(v,0)  
			return false

Rush coding style 3: (Lisp style, S expressions separated by commas)

void main():
	int a
	int b
	[int,=,[a,1]]
	[int,=,[b,2]]
	[rf,print,[[int,+,[a,b]]]]

Rush coding style 4: (this is the standard C++ syntax, this section of code can be compiled with VC++, G++ or Rush)

static rbool proc_inherit(tsh& sh,tclass& tci,int level=0)
{
	if(level++>c_rs_deep)
		return false;
	if(tci.vfather.empty())
		return true;
	rbuf<tword> v;
	for(int i=0;i<tci.vfather.count();i++)
	{
		rstr cname=tci.vfather[i].vword.get(0).val;
		tclass* ptci=zfind::class_search(sh,cname);
		if(ptci==null)
		{
			ptci=zfind::classtl_search(sh,cname);
			if(ptci==null)
				return false;
		}
		if(!proc_inherit(sh,*ptci,level))
			return false;
		v+=ptci->vword;
	}
	v+=tci.vword;
	tci.vword=v;
	return true;
}

Rush coding style 5: (full type infer, combined with efficiency of static type and flexible of dynamic type)

main():
	printl func(1,2)
	printl func(3.4,9.9)
	printl func('abc','efg')

func(a,b):
	c=a+b
	return c

Rush coding style 6: (combined with ASM and JS, compatible with 60% of the JS syntax)

void main(){
	mov eax,1
	add eax,2
	js_main(eax)
}
	
function js_main(num){
	putsl(num);
	
	var f=function(a){
		return function(b){
			return a+b;
		};
	};
	
	putsl(f(3)(4));
	
	var k=function(n,h){
		if(n<=1){
			return 1;
		}
		return h(n,k(n-1,h));
	};
	
	putsl(k(10,function(a,b){a+b}));
	putsl(k(10,function(a,b){a*b}));
}

Rush coding style 7: (Lisp style, use parentheses instead of brackets)

define lambda function

function test(){
	[= f [lambda [n]
		[cond [== n 0]
			0
			[+ n [f [- n 1]]]]
	]]
	[putsl [f 10]]
}

##### Benchmark:

(Intel i5 3.3GHZ, using command 'xxx -nasm ..\src\rush.cxx' self compiled , scan C++ code with 25000 lines, get a ASM file with 250000 lines, it shows the score 1/3 of Rush PK C++. Because of Rush itself using C++11's move and short string optimization, but Rush itself not support the optimization, so I Can believe the really Rush's benchmark can be achieved C++'s 1/1.5, this is close to C++. It also shows Rush's compile speed is very fast, if don't use nasm, it compiled itself requires only 5 seconds)

EXE name	EXE size	time consuming	PK C++	backend
rush	673 KB	4813 ms	1 -- 1	vs -O2 (this is C++'s speed)
rush_mingw	1049 KB	6203 ms	1 -- 1.3	g++ -O2
rush_vs	774 KB	14453 ms	1 -- 3	lisp to c++ with vs -O2
rush_nasm	762 KB	53579 ms	1 -- 11.1	lisp to nasm
rush_gpp	1679 KB	79000 ms	1 -- 16.4	lisp to c++ with g++ -O0

##### Rush supports multiple operation modes, as follows:

JIT:

1. cd to the bin directory
2. Command line typing: rush -jit ..\src\example\test\1.rs

JIT (64 bit):

1. cd to the bin directory
2. Command line typing: rush64 -jit ..\src\example\test\1.rs

Interpret:

1. cd to the bin directory
2. Command line typing: rush ..\src\example\test\1.rs

Compile and run (using NASM as backend):

1. cd to the bin directory
2. Command line typing: rnasm ..\src\example\test\1.rs

Compile and run (using NASM as backend, 64 bit):

1. cd to the bin directory
2. Command line typing: rnasm64 ..\src\example\test\1.rs

Compile and run (translate to C++ and using G++ as backend):

1. cd to the bin directory
2. Command line typing: gpp ..\src\example\test\1.rs

Translate to C++ (64 bit):

1. cd to the bin directory
2. Command line typing: rush64 -gpp ..\src\example\64bit_test.rs
3. Import the resulting file src\example\test\64bit_test.cpp with Visual Studio (or using 64 of G++)
4. Select x64, Press F7

Compile and run (translate to ASM, then translate to C++, in alpha):

1. cd to the bin directory
2. Command line typing: rcpp ..\src\example\test\53.rs

Interpret (JS or Lisp, in alpha):

1. cd to the bin directory
2. Command line typing: rush -jit ..\src\example\dynamic\js.rs

HTML5 run (translate to JS, not emscripten, currently only support chrome, in alpha):

1. cd to the bin directory
2. Command line typing: rush -js ..\src\example\test\53.rs
3. Double-click ..\src\example\test\53.html

Mac OS or Ubuntu interpretation runs (in alpha):

1. Make sure the clang (3.5 or higher) or g++ (4.8 or higher)
2. cd to the bin directory
3. Command line typing: g++ ../src/rush.cxx -o rush -w -m32 -std=c++11
4. Command line typing: ./rush ../src/example/test/50.rs

IOS:

1. cd to the bin directory
2. Command line typing: rush -gpp ..\src\example\test\1.rs
3. The resulting src\example\test\1.cpp and ext\mingw\gpp.h two files into xcode
4. Modify the main function as required, comment out the header files 'windows.h'

Android: (green integrated package, independent of other environments)

1. Ensure that the compiled environment is windows with 64 bit
2. Download a key android toolkit and unzip to a path without space or Chinese (1.1G) http://pan.baidu.com/s/1c0oc3Ws
3. Click create_proj.bat
4. Enter the project name such as 'test', waiting for the end of the command window
5. Click proj\test\build_cpp.bat
6. Wait a few minutes, command window appears "Press any key to continue."
7. Press 'Enter' and wait for the end of the command window
8. Get proj\test\proj.android\bin\xxx.apk after successfully
9. If need, use 'rush -gpp' command to translate Rush to CPP and include it into the proj\test\Classes\HelloWorldScene.cpp

Third party IDE edit code:

1. Run ext\ide\SciTE.exe
2. Click File -> Open
3. Select the ..\src\example\test\1.rs, click 'Open'
4. Press F5 to run the program (or F7 generate EXE)

Rush re-compiled from source code:

1. Be sure to install the VS2012 update4 or VS2013
2. Open src\proj\rush.sln
3. Select 'Release' mode (not support 'Debug' because of JIT)
4. Press F7, will generate bin\rush.exe after successfully

Self compiled (using NASM or G++ as backend):

1. Double-click self_test.bat
2. Wait a few minutes will generate bin\rush_nasm.exe and bin\rush_gpp.exe (Rush actually complete self compiled requires only 5 seconds, the bottleneck in NASM, reportedly Chez Scheme self compiled is 5 seconds)
3. Note that only NASM mode and GPP mode are available after self compiled

Debug:

1. cd to the bin directory
2. Command line typing: rush -gpp ..\src\example\test\1.rs
3. Using gdb or Visual Studio to debugging the src\example\test\1.cpp

Auto test example:

1. Double-click the bin\example_test.bat

Platform support:

-	Win32	Win64	Linux32	Linux64(or Mac OS)
C++ -> Lisp	stable	stable	alpha	alpha
JS -> Lisp	alpha	todo	todo	todo
Python -> Lisp	only syntax	only syntax	only syntax	todo
Lisp -> Interpret	alpha	todo	todo	todo
Lisp -> ASM	stable	stable	beta	todo
Lisp -> C++	stable	stable	beta	todo
ASM -> NASM	stable	relative stable	todo	todo
ASM -> JIT	stable	relative stable	todo	todo
ASM -> Interpret	stable	todo	alpha	todo
ASM -> C++	alpha	todo	todo	todo
ASM -> JS	alpha	todo	alpha	todo

Language feature:

Backend	Lisp Macro	C Macro	Closure	Eval	Reflect	Dynamic Type	GC	Template	Operator Overload
ASM -> NASM	no	yes	only static	no	no	no	no	yes	yes
ASM -> JIT	yes	yes	only static	yes	yes	no	no	yes	yes
ASM -> Interpret	no	yes	only static	no	yes	no	no	yes	yes
Lisp -> Interpret	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	yes	no	no
Lisp -> C++	no	yes	no	no	no	no	no	yes	yes

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