test: add test on worker process.exit in async modules

PR-URL: #43751
Refs: v8/v8@22698d2
Reviewed-By: Colin Ihrig <cjihrig@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Jiawen Geng <technicalcute@gmail.com>
Reviewed-By: Gus Caplan <me@gus.host>

test/parallel/test-worker-process-exit-async-module.js

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common');
+const assert = require('assert');
+const { Worker } = require('worker_threads');
+
+// Regression for https://github.com/nodejs/node/issues/43182.
+const w = new Worker(new URL('data:text/javascript,process.exit(1);await new Promise(()=>{ process.exit(2); })'));
+w.on('exit', common.mustCall((code) => {
+  assert.strictEqual(code, 1);
+}));