SGCL

About the SGCL

SGCL (Smart Garbage Collection Library) is an advanced memory management library for C++, designed with performance and ease of use in mind. SGCL introduces fully tracked smart pointers, providing an experience similar to shared_ptr but with added mechanisms for automatic garbage collection and optimization. Tailored for the modern C++ standards (C++17 and later), SGCL aims to facilitate safer and more efficient memory management without the overhead typically associated with garbage collection techniques.

Why SGCL?

SGCL was created to address specific scenarios where unique_ptr and shared_ptr fall short. These standard smart pointers are versatile, but there are cases in complex applications where they might not be the optimal choice. Here’s why SGCL can be a game-changer:

• Handling Local Ownership Cycles: In complex object graphs, objects may refer to each other in cycles, creating ownership loops that shared_ptr cannot resolve without additional intervention. SGCL offers a solution for managing local cycles of ownership efficiently, without the risk of memory leaks.

• Performance Overheads with shared_ptr: While shared_ptr is incredibly useful for shared ownership scenarios, its performance can be impacted by the overhead of reference counting, especially in multi-threaded environments. SGCL introduces mechanisms that optimize memory management and reduce overhead, making it more suitable for high-performance applications.

• Real-time Requirements: In systems with stringent real-time requirements, the non-deterministic timing of destructors (as objects go out of scope or are explicitly deleted) can pose a problem. SGCL allows for delayed execution of destructors, enabling better control over when resource cleanup occurs and ensuring that real-time performance criteria are met.

SGCL is designed for developers who need more control over memory management than what is offered by standard C++ smart pointers. By providing advanced features for cycle detection, efficient resource management, and deterministic destructor execution, SGCL opens new possibilities for designing complex, high-performance applications.

Features

• Thread-Safe Operations

  SGCL is designed for safe concurrent access, making it ideal for multi-threaded applications without the risk of data races.

• Zero Reference Counting

  Unlike many smart pointer implementations, SGCL avoids the overhead and complexity of reference counters, leading to improved performance and lower memory usage.

• Simplicity and Familiarity

  Utilizes an intuitive API, making the transition for developers accustomed to shared_ptr seamless and straightforward.

• Reduced Memory Overhead

  Optimized to consume less memory than shared_ptr, facilitating more efficient resource usage in your applications.

• Performance Optimized

  Benchmarks demonstrate that SGCL outperforms shared_ptr in various scenarios, ensuring faster execution times for your projects.

• Pauseless Garbage Collection

  Designed to avoid "stop-the-world" pauses, SGCL ensures continuous application performance without disruptive GC interruptions.

• Support for Cyclic Data Structures

  Handles cyclic references gracefully, eliminating the common pitfalls associated with manual memory management in complex structures.

• Copy-On-Write (CoW) Optimization

  SGCL is CoW-friendly, supporting efficient memory usage patterns and optimizing scenarios where cloned data structures defer copying until mutation.

• Lock-Free Atomic Pointers

  Guarantees that atomic pointer operations are always lock-free, enhancing performance in concurrent usage scenarios.

These features make SGCL a robust and versatile choice for developers seeking to optimize their C++ applications with advanced garbage collection and memory management techniques, all while maintaining high performance and ease of use.

SGCL pointers

SGCL introduces four types of smart pointers.

• root_ptr, unique_ptr

  These pointers can be utilized on the stack, heap, or managed heap. They serve as roots in the application's object graph. The unique_ptr provides a deterministic destruction mechanism.

• tracked_ptr

  Crafted to be a part of structures or arrays created via make_tracked. Contrary to root_ptr and unique_ptr, tracked_ptr is designed for exclusive use in the managed heap.

• unsafe_ptr

  A pointer for accessing objects without ownership management. It is designed for performance optimization where direct access is needed and lifecycle is managed elsewhere.

The make_tracked method

The make_tracked method is dedicated method for creating objects on the managed heap. This method returns a unique_ptr.

Example

#include "sgcl/sgcl.h"
#include <iostream>

int main() {
    using namespace sgcl;
    
    // Creating unique_ptr with deterministic destruction
    auto unique = make_tracked<int>(42);
    
    // Creating shared_ptr with deterministic destruction
    std::shared_ptr<int> shared = make_tracked<int>(1337);
    
    // Creating root_ptr, which does not have deterministic destruction (managed by GC)
    root_ptr<int> root = make_tracked<int>(2024);
    
    // Example of using root_ptr with a custom data type
    struct Node {
        tracked_ptr<Node> next;
        int value;
    };
    root_ptr<Node> node = make_tracked<Node>();
    node->value = 10; // Direct field access
    
    // Simple pointer operations
    root = std::move(unique); // Moving ownership from unique_ptr to root_ptr
    shared = make_tracked<int>(2048); // Assigning a new value to shared_ptr
    
    // Demonstrating array handling
    auto array = make_tracked<const int[]>({ 1, 2, 3 }); // Creating an array and initialization
    for (auto& elem: array) {
        std::cout << elem << " "; // Iteration and printing
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    // Creating a pointer alias
    // Note: only pointers to memory allocated on the managed heap, excluding arrays
    root_ptr<int> value(&node->value);
    
    // Using unsafe_ptr to compare and return the pointer to the minimum value
    auto min = [](unsafe_ptr<int> l, unsafe_ptr<int> r) -> unsafe_ptr<int> {
        return *l < *r ? l : r;
    };
    root_ptr<int> pmin = min(value, root);
    std::cout << "min: " << *pmin << std::endl;
    
    // Using unsafe_ptr for comparison and passing the result via reference to tracked_ptr
    auto max = [](unsafe_ptr<int> l, unsafe_ptr<int> r, tracked_ptr<int>& out) {
        out = *l > *r ? l : r;
    };
    root_ptr<int> pmax;
    max(value, root, pmax);
    std::cout << "max: " << *pmax << std::endl;
    
    // Using an atomic pointer
    atomic<root_ptr<int>> atomicRoot = make_tracked<int>(1234);
    
    // Using pointer casting
    root_ptr<void> any = root;
    root = static_pointer_cast<int>(any);
    if (any.is<int>() || any.type() == typeid(int)) {
        root = any.as<int>();
    }
    
    // Metadata usage
    // The metadata structure is defined in the configuration.h file
    struct: metadata {
        void to_string(void* p) override {
            std::cout << "to_string<int>: " << *static_cast<int*>(p) << std::endl;
        }
    } static mdata;
    metadata::set<int>(&mdata);
    any.metadata()->to_string(any.get()); // Currently any pointed a value of type int
}

Methods useful for state analysis

// Forcing garbage collection
collector::force_collect();

// Forcing garbage collection and waiting for the cycle to complete
collector::force_collect(true);

// Get the number of live objects
auto live_objects_number = collector::live_objects_number();
std::cout << "live objects number: " << live_objects_number << std::endl;

// Get an array of live objects
auto live_objects = collector::live_objects();
for (auto& v: live_objects) {
    std::cout << v.get() << " " << v.type().name() << std::endl;
}

// Terminate collector
collector::terminate();

Dependencies

This library is written in C++17 and a compliant compiler is necessary.

No external library is necessary and there are no other requirements.

Usage

This is a header only library. You can just copy the sgcl subfolder somewhere in your include path.