[v24.1.x] Do not request votes if term changed in prevote phase

[vbotbuildovich]

Backport #18394 to branch v24.1.x. Note that this issue was created as a placeholder, since the original PR's commit(s) could not be automatically cherry-picked.
Here are the commands to execute:

git checkout v24.1.x
git checkout -b vbotbuildovich/backport-18394-v24.1.x-134
git cherry-pick -x 5adeba30fa53fe696fa5555b46967397fa0547ed 40add5d6bae852bcb5a8c76255522a0fb06a9b71 1f0203fd915d4313614575a690a0a871cf06ff86

git push origin vbotbuildovich/backport-18394-v24.1.x-134
gh pr create \
  --title "[v24.1.x] Do not request votes if term changed in prevote phase" \
  --base "v24.1.x" \
  --label "kind/backport" \
  --head "vbotbuildovich/backport-18394-v24.1.x-134" \
  --draft \
  --repo "redpanda-data/redpanda" \
  --milestone "v24.1.x-next" \
  --body "Backport of PR https://github.com/redpanda-data/redpanda/pull/18394 "

JIRA Link: [CORE-2948](https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-2948)

[CORE-2948]: https://redpandadata.atlassian.net/browse/CORE-2948?atlOrigin=eyJpIjoiNWRkNTljNzYxNjVmNDY3MDlhMDU5Y2ZhYzA5YTRkZjUiLCJwIjoiZ2l0aHViLWNvbS1KU1cifQ

[piyushredpanda]

Merged