variation graph data structures, interchange formats, alignment, genotyping, and variant calling methods
Variation graphs provide a succinct encoding of the sequences of many genomes. A variation graph (in particular as implemented in vg) is composed of:
- nodes, which are labeled by sequences and ids
- edges, which connect two nodes via either of their respective ends
- paths, describe genomes, sequence alignments, and annotations (such as gene models and transcripts) as walks through nodes connected by edges
This model is similar to a number of sequence graphs that have been used in assembly and multiple sequence alignment. Paths provide coordinate systems relative to genomes encoded in the graph, allowing stable mappings to be produced even if the structure of the graph is changed. For visual documentation, please refer to a presentation on the topic: Resequencing against a human whole genome variation graph (April 14, 2015).
Before you begin, you'll need to install some basic tools if they are not already installed. You'll need the protobuf and jansson development libraries installed on your server. Additionally, to run the tests, you will need jq and bc.
sudo apt-get install build-essential git cmake pkg-config libncurses-dev libbz2-dev \
protobuf-compiler libprotoc-dev libjansson-dev automake libtool \
jq bc curl unzip redland-utils librdf-dev bison flex
You can also run make get-deps.
At present, you will need GCC version 4.9 or greater to compile vg. (Check your version with gcc --version.)
Other libraries may be required. Please report any build difficulties.
Note that a 64-bit OS is required. Ubuntu 16.04 should work.
Now, obtain the repo and its submodules:
git clone --recursive https://github.com/vgteam/vg.git
Then build with . ./source_me.sh && make static, and run with ./bin/vg.
VG won't build with XCode's compiler (clang), but it should work with GCC 4.9. One way to install the latter (and other dependencies) is to install Mac Ports, then run:
sudo port install gcc49 libtool jansson jq cmake pkgconfig autoconf automake libtool coreutils samtools redland bison google-perftools md5sha1-sum rasqal gmake autogen
To make GCC 4.9 the default compiler, run (use none instead of mp-gcc49 to revert back):
sudo port select gcc mp-gcc49
VG can now be cloned and built:
git clone --recursive https://github.com/vgteam/vg.git
cd vg
. ./source_me.sh && make
Note that static binaries cannot yet be built for Mac.
Homebrew provides another package management solution for OSX, and may be preferable to some users over MacPorts.
brew tap homebrew/versions # for gcc49
brew tap homebrew/science # for samtools
brew install automake libtool jq jansson coreutils gcc49 samtools pkg-config cmake raptor bison
export PATH="/usr/local/opt/coreutils/libexec/gnubin:/usr/local/bin:$PATH"
# Force use of new version of bison
brew link bison --force
# Use glibtool/ize
export LIBTOOL=glibtool
export LIBTOOLIZE=glibtoolize
# Make symlinks to use gxx-4.9 instead of builtin gxx (CC and CXX not yet fully honored)
ln -s gcc-4.9 /usr/local/bin/gcc
ln -s g++-4.9 /usr/local/bin/g++
export LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/local/lib:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH;
export LIBRARY_PATH=$LD_LIBRARY_PATH;
. ./source_me.sh && make
The simplest thing to do with vg is to build a graph and align to it. At present, you'll want to use a reference and VCF file to do so. If you're working in the test/ directory:
vg construct -r small/x.fa -v small/x.vcf.gz >x.vgvg view provides a way to convert the graph into various formats:
# GFA output
vg view x.vg >x.gfa
# dot output suitable for graphviz
vg view -d x.vg >x.dot
# json version of binary alignments
vg view -a x.gam >x.jsonAs this is a small graph, you could align to it using a full-length partial order alignment:
vg align -s CTACTGACAGCAGAAGTTTGCTGTGAAGATTAAATTAGGTGATGCTTG x.vgNote that you don't have to store the graph on disk at all, you can simply pipe it into the local aligner:
vg construct -r small/x.fa -v small/x.vcf.gz | vg align -s CTACTGACAGCAGAAGTTTGCTGTGAAGATTAAATTAGGTGATGCTTG -Most commands allow the streaming of graphs into and out of vg.
If your graph is large, you want to use vg index to store the graph and vg map to align reads. vg map implements a kmer based seed and extend alignment model that is similar to that used in aligners like novoalign or MOSAIK. First an on-disk index is built with vg index which includes the graph itself and kmers of a particular size. When mapping, any kmer size shorter than that used in the index can be employed, and by default the mapper will decrease the kmer size to increase sensitivity when alignment at a particular k fails.
# construct the graph
vg construct -r small/x.fa -v small/x.vcf.gz >x.vg
# store the graph in the xg/gcsa index pair
vg index -x x.xg -g x.gcsa -k 11 x.vg
# alternatively, store in a rocksdb backed index
vg index -s -k 11 -d x.vg.index x.vg
# align a read to the indexed version of the graph
# note that the graph file is not opened, but x.vg.index is assumed
vg map -s CTACTGACAGCAGAAGTTTGCTGTGAAGATTAAATTAGGTGATGCTTG -x x.xg -g x.gcsa -k 22 >read.gam
# simulate a bunch of 150bp reads from the graph and map them
vg map -r <(vg sim -n 1000 -l 150 -x x.xg ) -x x.xg -g x.gcsa -k 22 >aln.gam
# surject the alignments back into the reference space of sequence "x", yielding a BAM file
# NB: currently requires the rocksdb-backed index
vg surject -p x -b -d x.vg.index aln.gam >aln.bamThe following example shows how to construct a VCF file from a read alignment and graph. This has been tested on 50X short read sequencing for relatively small pilot regions.
# filter secondary and ambiguous read mappings out of the gam
vg filter graph.vg alignment.gam -r 0.90 -afu -s 2 -o 0 --defray_ends 999 > filtered.gam
# create pileup for every graph position and edge in the graph
vg pileup graph.vg filtered.gam -w 40 -m 10 -q 10 > graph.pileup
# create "augmented graph" (original graph plus new newly called stuff) and project to calls in vcf format
vg call graph.vg graph.pileup > calls.vcf
# for comparison purposes, it's very useful to normalize the vcf output, especially for more complex graphs which can make large variant blocks that contain a lot of reference bases (Note: requires [vt](http://genome.sph.umich.edu/wiki/Vt)):
vt decompose_blocksub -a calls.vcf | vt normalize -r FASTA_FILE - > calls.clean.vcf
To produce a VCF file for a whole chromosome, the graph must be cut up along the reference genome and called in chunks. scripts/chunked_call wraps this functionality to produce chromosome-sized VCFs in a single command line (from a GAM file and XG index)
A variety of commands are available:
- construct: graph construction
- view: conversion (dot/protobuf/json/GFA)
- index: index features of the graph in a disk-backed key/value store
- find: use an index to find nodes, edges, kmers, or positions
- paths: traverse paths in the graph
- align: local alignment
- map: global alignment (kmer-driven)
- stats: metrics describing graph properties
- join: combine graphs (parallel)
- concat: combine graphs (serial)
- ids: id manipulation
- kmers: generate kmers from a graph
- sim: simulate reads by walking paths in the graph
- mod: various transformations of the graph
- surject: force graph alignments into a linear reference space
- msga: construct a graph from an assembly of multiple sequences
- validate: determine if graph is valid
- filter: filter reads out of an alignment
- pileup: pileup reads onto graph positions and edges
- call: call graph positions from a pileup
vg is based around a graph object (vg::VG) which has a native serialized representation that is almost identical on disk and in-memory, with the exception of adjacency indexes that are built when the object is parsed from a stream or file. These graph objects are the results of queries of larger indexes, or manipulation (for example joins or concatenations) of other graphs. vg is designed for interactive, stream-oriented use. You can, for instance, construct a graph, merge it with another one, and pipe the result into a local alignment process. The graph object can be stored in an index (vg::Index), aligned against directly (vg::GSSWAligner), or "mapped" against in a global sense (vg::Mapper), using an index of kmers.
Once constructed, a variation graph (.vg is the suggested file extension) is typically around the same size as the reference (FASTA) and uncompressed variant set (VCF) which were used to build it. The rocksdb-based index, however, may be much larger, perhaps more than an order of magnitude. This is less of a concern as it is not loaded into memory, but could be a pain point as vg is scaled up to whole-genome mapping.
The serialization of very large graphs (>62MB) is enabled by the use of protocol buffer ZeroCopyStreams. Graphs are decomposed into sets of N (presently 10k) nodes, and these are written, with their edges, into graph objects that can be streamed into and out of vg. Graphs of unbounded size are possible using this approach.
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