TSJS

Coveo TypeScript (and JavaScript) Cloud Platform Standards

Other Standards

• React/Redux
• CSS & Sass

Introduction

The current repository aggregates all code standards that must be respected when writing and reviewing TypeScript code related to the Coveo Cloud Platform. This document should therefore be read and applied by anyone having to write TypeScript code for the Coveo Cloud Platform.

The current repository is greatly inspired from Airbnb's JavaScript Style Guide, but most code examples were rewritten in TypeScript.

If you are somewhat new to JavaScript with ES6, we recommend you read the full Airbnb's JavaScript Style Guide. Feel free to use additional resources, there are tons of it out there.

If you are somewhat new to TypeScript, we recommend you follow this 5 minutes tutorial, and read the official TypeScript Handbook in full.

Code standards, what for?

Adopting code standards means ranking the importance of code clarity and team conventions higher than personal style. In a more pragmatical perspective, we also believe that code standards have very positive and tangible effects on a team workflow:

1. Team members get productive time back by avoiding subjective code style debates. If the code doesn't respect team conventions, simply point the author to the commonly accepted code standard that must be respected.
2. Code reviews' focus are redirected towards what is most critical:
   1. Code architecture (Is there a better/more intelligent way to handle the use case at hand?)
   2. Code fidelity (Will the code crash in real life situations? Are all possible cases handled?)
   3. Code quality (Is the code well tested, meaningful, and DRY?)
3. The code base gets easier to read and navigate for team members.
4. Written standards (as opposed to implicit, word-to-mouth standards) allow newcomers to get up to speed faster by knowing how to write proper code from day one.

In summary, code standards make developers happier. Embrace them.

Table of Contents

1. Types
2. References
3. Objects
4. Arrays
5. Destructuring
6. Strings
7. Functions
8. Arrow Functions
9. Classes & Constructors
10. Modules
11. Iterators and Generators
12. Properties
13. Variables
14. Hoisting
15. Comparison Operators & Equality
16. Blocks
17. Control Statements
18. Comments
19. Whitespace
20. Commas
21. Semicolons
22. Type Casting & Coercion
23. Naming Conventions
24. Accessors
25. Events
26. jQuery
27. ECMAScript 6+ (ES 2015+) Styles
28. Testing
29. Reviewing
30. Being Reviewed
31. TypeScript
32. Libraries and Frameworks
33. Notes on Legacy Code
34. Remaining Sections

Types

Since this part appeared to have a more educational purpose, you can refer to the original Airbnb's JavaScript Style Guide for more information.

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References

• 1.1 Use const for all of your references; avoid using var.

  Why? This ensures that you can't reassign your references, which can lead to bugs and difficult to comprehend code.

  // bad
  var a = 1;
  var b = 2;
  
  // good
  const a = 1;
  const b = 2;

• 1.2 If you must reassign references, use let instead of var.

  Why? let is block-scoped rather than function-scoped like var.

  // bad
  var count = 1;
  if (true) {
    count += 1;
  }
  
  // good, use the let.
  let count = 1;
  if (true) {
    count += 1;
  }

• 1.3 Note that both let and const are block-scoped.

  // const and let only exist in the blocks they are defined in.
  {
    let a = 1;
    const b = 1;
  }
  console.log(a); // ReferenceError
  console.log(b); // ReferenceError

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Objects

• 2.1 Use the literal syntax for object creation.

  // bad
  const item: Interface = new Object();
  
  // good
  const item: Interface = { value: 1 };

• 2.2 Methods defined on objects should use arrow functions.

  // bad
  const atom: Interface = {
    value: 1,
    addValue: function (value: number): number {
      return atom.value + value;
    },
  };
  
  // good
  const atom: Interface = {
    value: 1,
    addValue: (value: number): number => value + 1,
  };

• 2.3 Use property value shorthand.

  Why? It is shorter to write and descriptive.

  const lukeSkywalker = 'Luke Skywalker';
  
  // bad
  const obj: Interface = {
    lukeSkywalker: lukeSkywalker,
  };
  
  // good
  const obj: Interface = {
    lukeSkywalker,
  };

• 2.4 Group your shorthand properties at the beginning of your object declaration.

  Why? It's easier to tell which properties are using the shorthand.

  const anakinSkywalker = 'Anakin Skywalker';
  const lukeSkywalker = 'Luke Skywalker';
  
  // bad
  const obj: Interface = {
    episodeOne: 1,
    twoJediWalkIntoACantina: 2,
    lukeSkywalker,
    episodeThree: 3,
    mayTheFourth: 4,
    anakinSkywalker,
  };
  
  // good
  const obj: Interface = {
    lukeSkywalker,
    anakinSkywalker,
    episodeOne: 1,
    twoJediWalkIntoACantina: 2,
    episodeThree: 3,
    mayTheFourth: 4,
  };

• 2.5 Only quote properties that are invalid identifiers.

  Why? In general we consider it subjectively easier to read. It improves syntax highlighting, and is also more easily optimized by many JS engines.

  // bad
  const bad: Interface = {
    'foo': 3,
    'bar': 4,
    'data-blah': 5,
  };
  
  // good
  const good: Interface = {
    foo: 3,
    bar: 4,
    'data-blah': 5,
  };

• 2.6 Use Underscore's extend and omit functions to shallow-copy objects, and make sure not to mutate the original object...

  // very bad
  const original: Interface = { a: 1, b: 2 };
  const copy: Interface = _.extend(original, { c: 3 }); // this mutates `original` ಠ_ಠ
  delete copy.a; // so does this
  
  // good
  const original: Interface = { a: 1, b: 2 };
  const copy: Interface = _.extend({}, original, { c: 3 }); // copy => { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 }
  
  // good
  const original: Interface = { a: 1, b: 2 };
  const copy: Interface = _.omit(original, 'a'); // copy => { b: 2 }, _.omit does not mutate `original`

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Arrays

• 3.1 Use the literal syntax for array creation.

  // bad
  const items: Interface[] = new Array();
  
  // good
  const items: Interface[] = [];

• 3.2 Use return statements in array method callbacks. It's ok to omit the return if the function body consists of a single statement. We also encourage the use of the ternary operator in simple if/else cases.

  // bad
  [1, 2, 3].map((x: number): number => {
    return x + 1;
  });
  
  // good
  [1, 2, 3].map((x: number): number => x + 1);
  
  // good
  [1, 2, 3].map((x: number): number => {
    const y = x + 1;
    return x * y;
  });
  
  // good
  inbox.filter((msg: string): boolean => {
    if (msg.subject === 'Mockingbird') {
      return msg.author === 'Harper Lee';
    } else if (msg.subject === 'AnotherSubject') {
      return msg.author === 'The Author';  
    }
  
    return false;
  });
  
  
  /* Simple if/else cases */
  
  // bad
  inbox.filter((msg: string): boolean => {
    if (msg.subject === 'Mockingbird') {
      return msg.author === 'Harper Lee';
    } else {
      return false;
    }
  });
  
  // best 
  inbox.filter((msg: string): boolean => msg.subject === 'Mockingbird'
      ? msg.author === 'Harper Lee'
      : false
  );

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• 3.3 Use line breaks after open and before close array brackets if an array has multiple lines

// bad
const arr: number[][] = [
  [0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5],
];

const objectInArray: Interface[] = [{
  id: 1,
}, {
  id: 2,
}];

const numberInArray: number[] = [
  1, 2,
];

// good
const arr: number[][] = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];

const objectInArray: Interface[] = [
  {
    id: 1,
  },
  {
    id: 2,
  },
];

const numberInArray: number[] = [
  1,
  2,
];

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Destructuring

• 4.1 Use object destructuring when accessing and using multiple properties of an object.

  Why? Destructuring saves you from creating temporary references for those properties.

  // bad
  const getFullName = (user: User): string => {
    const firstName = user.personalInformation.firstName;
    const lastName = user.personalInformation.lastName;
  
    return `${firstName} ${lastName}`;
  }
  
  // good
  const getFullName = (user: User): string => {
    const { firstName, lastName } = user.personalInformation;
    return `${firstName} ${lastName}`;
  }

• 4.2 Use array destructuring.

  const arr: number[] = [1, 2, 3, 4];
  
  // bad
  const first: number = arr[0];
  const second: number = arr[1];
  
  // good
  const [first, second] = arr;

• 4.3 Use object destructuring for multiple return values, not array destructuring.

  Why? You can add new properties over time or change the order of things without breaking call sites.

  // bad
  const processInput = (input: Input): ProcessedInput => {
    // then a miracle occurs
    return [left, right, top, bottom];
  }
  
  // the caller needs to think about the order of return data
  const [left, __, top] = processInput(input);
  
  // good
  const processInput = (input: Input): ProcessedInput => {
    // then a miracle occurs
    return { left, right, top, bottom };
  }
  
  // the caller selects only the data they need
  const { left, top } = processInput(input);

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Strings

• 5.1 Use single quotes '' for strings.

  // bad
  const name: string = "Capt. Janeway";
  
  // bad - template literals should contain interpolation or newlines
  const name: string = `Capt. Janeway`;
  
  // good
  const name: string = 'Capt. Janeway';

• 5.2 Strings that cause the line to go over 140 characters should not be written across multiple lines using string concatenation.

  Why? Broken strings are painful to work with and make code less searchable.

  // bad
  const errorMessage: string = 'This is a super long error that was thrown because \
  of Batman. When you stop to think about how Batman had anything to do \
  with this, you would get nowhere \
  fast.';
  
  // bad
  const errorMessage: string = 'This is a super long error that was thrown because ' +
    'of Batman. When you stop to think about how Batman had anything to do ' +
    'with this, you would get nowhere fast.';
  
  // good
  const errorMessage: string = 'This is a super long error that was thrown because of Batman. When you stop to think about how Batman had anything to do with this, you would get nowhere fast.';

• 5.3 When programmatically building up strings, use template strings instead of concatenation.

  Why? Template strings give you a readable, concise syntax with proper newlines and string interpolation features.

  // bad
  const sayHi = (name: string): string => 'How are you, ' + name + '?';
  
  // bad
  const sayHi = (name: string): string => ['How are you, ', name, '?'].join();
  
  // bad
  const sayHi = (name: string): string => `How are you, ${ name }?`;
  
  // good
  const sayHi = (name: string): string => `How are you, ${name}?`;

• 5.4 Do not unnecessarily escape characters in strings.

  Why? Backslashes harm readability, thus they should only be present when necessary.

  // bad
  const foo: string = '\'this\' \i\s \"quoted\"';
  
  // good
  const foo: string = `'this' is "quoted"`;
  const foo: string = `my name is '${name}'`;

• 5.5 Never hardcode a string that will appear in the UI in the code base. Localize the string in a dedicated json file.

  Why? Coveo develops international products, strings appearing in the UI can be translated in multiple languages, thus we localize them.

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Functions

• 6.1 Use named function expressions instead of function declarations. Prefer arrow functions if you do not absolutely need function to retrieve the proper this context. Most importantly, define functions as a method inside a class whenever possible.

  Why? Function declarations are hoisted, which means that it’s easy - too easy - to reference the function before it is defined in the file. This harms readability and maintainability. If you find that a function’s definition is large or complex enough that it is interfering with understanding the rest of the file, then perhaps it’s time to extract it to its own module!

  // bad
  const foo = function (bar: Interface): ReturnedInterface {
    // ...
  };
  
  // bad
  const foo = function bar(bar: Interface): ReturnedInterface {
    // ...
  };
  
  // good
  const foo = (bar: Interface): ReturnedInterface => {
    // ...
  };
  
  // best (declare functions as methods inside classes)
  class MyClass {
    foo(bar: Interface): ReturnedInterface {
      // ...
    }
  }

• 6.2 Never name a parameter arguments. This will take precedence over the arguments object that is given to every function scope.

  // bad
  const foo = (name: string, options: Options, arguments: Arguments): ReturnedInterface => {
    // ...
  };
  
  // good
  const foo = (name: string, options: Options, args: Arguments): ReturnedInterface => {
    // ...
  };

• 6.3 Use default parameter syntax rather than mutating function arguments.

  // really bad
  const handleThings = (options?: Options): ReturnedInterface {
    // No! We shouldn't mutate function arguments.
    // Double bad: if opts is falsy it'll be set to an object which may
    // be what you want but it can introduce subtle bugs.
    options = options || {};
    // ...
  };
  
  // still bad
  const handleThings = (options?: Options): ReturnedInterface => {
    if (options === void 0) {
      options = {};
    }
    // ...
  };
  
  // good
  const handleThings = (options: Options = {}): ReturnedInterface => {
    // ...
  };

• 6.4 Never reassign parameters.

  Why? Reassigning parameters can lead to unexpected behavior, especially when accessing the arguments object. It can also cause optimization issues, especially in V8.

  // bad
  const f1 = (a: number) => {
    a = 1;
    // ...
  };
  
  const f2 = (a?: number) => {
    if (!a) { a = 1; }
    // ...
  };
  
  // good
  const f3 = (a?: number) => {
    const b: number = a || 1;
    // ...
  };
  
  const f4 = (a: number = 1) => {
    // ...
  };

• 6.5 Prefer the use of the spread operator ... to call variadic functions.

  Why? It's cleaner, you don't need to supply a context, and you can not easily compose new with apply.

  // bad
  const x: number[] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
  console.log.apply(console, x);
  
  // good
  const x: number[] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
  console.log(...x);
  
  // bad
  new (Function.prototype.bind.apply(Date, [null, 2016, 8, 5]));
  
  // good
  new Date(...[2016, 8, 5]);

• 6.6 Functions with multiline signatures, or invocations, should be indented just like every other multiline list in this guide: with each item on a line by itself, with a trailing comma on the last item.

  // bad
  const foo = (bar: string,
               baz: number,
               quux: number) => {
    // ...
  }
  
  // good
  const foo = (
    bar: string,
    baz: number,
    quux: number,
  ) => {
    // ...
  }
  
  // bad
  console.log(foo,
    bar,
    baz);
  
  // good
  console.log(
    foo,
    bar,
    baz,
  );

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Arrow Functions

• 7.1 When you must use function expressions (as when passing an anonymous function), use arrow function notation.

  Why? It creates a version of the function that executes in the context of this, which is usually what you want, and is a more concise syntax. Only use function if really needed.

  Why not? If you have a fairly complicated function, you might move that logic out into its own function declaration.

  // bad 
  [1, 2, 3].map(function (x: number): number {
    const y: number = x + 1;
    return x * y;
  });
  
  // good
  [1, 2, 3].map((x: number): number => {
    const y: number = x + 1;
    return x * y;
  });

• 7.2 If the function body consists of a single expression, omit the braces and use the implicit return. Otherwise, keep the braces and use a return statement.

  Why? Syntactic sugar. It reads well when multiple functions are chained together.

  // bad
  [1, 2, 3].map((x: number): string => {
    const nextValue: number = x + 1;
    `A string containing the ${nextValue}.`;
  });
  
  // good
  [1, 2, 3].map((x: number): string => `A string containing the ${x}.`);
  
  // good
  [1, 2, 3].map((x: number): string => {
    const nextValue: number = x + 1;
    return `A string containing the ${nextValue}.`;
  });
  
  // good
  [1, 2, 3].map((x: number, index: number): {[key: number]: number} => ({
    [index]: x,
  }));

• 7.3 In case the expression spans over multiple lines, wrap it in parentheses for better readability.

  Why? It shows clearly where the function starts and ends.

  // bad
  ['get', 'post', 'put'].map((httpMethod: string): ReturnedInterface => Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(
      httpMagicObjectWithAVeryLongName,
      httpMethod,
    )
  );
  
  // good
  ['get', 'post', 'put'].map((httpMethod: string): boolean => (
    Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(
      httpMagicObjectWithAVeryLongName,
      httpMethod,
    )
  ));

• 7.4 Always include parentheses around arguments for clarity and consistency.

  Why? Less visual clutter. Scopes the parameter with its type.

  // bad (not even possible in TypeScript with typed parameters)
  [1, 2, 3].map(x: number => (
    `A long string with the ${x}. It’s so long that we don’t want it to take up space on the .map line!`
  ));
  
  // good
  [1, 2, 3].map((x: number): string => (
    `A long string with the ${x}. It’s so long that we don’t want it to take up space on the .map line!`
  ));

• 7.5 Avoid confusing arrow function syntax (=>) with comparison operators (<=, >=).

  // bad
  const itemHeight = (item: Item): string => item.height > 256 ? item.largeSize : item.smallSize;
  
  // good
  const itemHeight = (item: Item): string => (item.height > 256 ? item.largeSize : item.smallSize);
  
  // good
  const itemHeight = (item: Item): string => {
    const { height, largeSize, smallSize } = item;
    return height > 256 ? largeSize : smallSize;
  };

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Classes & Constructors

• 8.1 Always use class. Avoid manipulating prototype directly.

  Why? class syntax is more concise and easier to reason about.

  // bad
  function Queue(contents: any[] = []) {
    this.queue = [...contents];
  }
  Queue.prototype.pop = function () {
    const value: any = this.queue[0];
    this.queue.splice(0, 1);
    return value;
  };
  
  // good
  class Queue {
    constructor(contents: any[] = []) {
      this.queue = [...contents];
    }
    pop() {
      const value: any = this.queue[0];
      this.queue.splice(0, 1);
      return value;
    }
  }

• 8.2 Use extends for inheritance.

  Why? It is a built-in way to inherit prototype functionality without breaking instanceof.

  // bad
  const inherits = require('inherits');
  function PeekableQueue(contents) {
    Queue.apply(this, contents);
  }
  inherits(PeekableQueue, Queue);
  PeekableQueue.prototype.peek = () => this.queue[0];
  
  // good
  class PeekableQueue extends Queue {
    peek() {
      return this.queue[0];
    }
  }

• 8.3 Methods can return this to help with method chaining.

  // bad
  Jedi.prototype.jump = function (): boolean {
    this.jumping = true;
    return true;
  };
  
  Jedi.prototype.setHeight = function (height: number) {
    this.height = height;
  };
  
  const luke: Jedi = new Jedi();
  luke.jump(); // => true
  luke.setHeight(20); // => undefined
  
  // good
  class Jedi {
    private jumping: boolean;
    private height: number;
  
    jump(): Jedi {
      this.jumping = true;
      return this;
    }
  
    setHeight(height: number): Jedi {
      this.height = height;
      return this;
    }
  }
  
  const luke: Jedi = new Jedi();
  
  luke
    .jump()
    .setHeight(20);

• 8.4 It's okay to write a custom toString() method, just make sure it works successfully and causes no side effects.

  class Jedi {
    private name: string;
  
    constructor(options: Options = {}) {
      this.name = options.name || 'no name';
    }
  
    getName(): string {
      return this.name;
    }
  
    toString(): string {
      return `Jedi - ${this.getName()}`;
    }
  }

• 8.5 Classes have a default constructor if one is not specified. An empty constructor function or one that just delegates to a parent class is unnecessary.

  // bad
  class Jedi {
    constructor() {}
  
    // ...
  }
  
  // bad
  class Rey extends Jedi {
    constructor(options: Options) {
      super(options);
    }
  
    // ...
  }
  
  // good
  class Rey extends Jedi {
    private name: string;
  
    constructor(options: Options) {
      super(options: Options);
      this.name = 'Rey';
    }
  }

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Modules

• 9.1 Always use modules (import/export) over a non-standard module system.

  Why? Modules are the future, let's start using the future now.

  // bad
  const AirbnbStyleGuide = require('./AirbnbStyleGuide');
  module.exports = AirbnbStyleGuide.es6;
  
  // best
  import { es6 } from './AirbnbStyleGuide';
  export es6;

• 9.2 Do not use wildcard (unless you're forced to) or default imports/exports.

  Why? This makes sure you have a single default export.

  // bad
  import * as AirbnbStyleGuide from './AirbnbStyleGuide';
  
  // bad
  export default AirbnbStyleGuide; // inside one file
  
  import AirbnbStyleGuide from './AirbnbStyleGuide'; inside another file
  
  // good 
  export AirbnbStyleGuide; // inside one file
  
  import { AirbnbStyleGuide } from './AirbnbStyleGuide'; // inside another file

• 9.3 And do not export directly from an import.

  Why? Although the one-liner is concise, having one clear way to import and one clear way to export makes things consistent.

  // bad
  // filename es6.ts
  export { es6 } from './AirbnbStyleGuide';
  
  // good
  // filename es6.ts
  import { es6 } from './AirbnbStyleGuide';
  export es6;

• 9.4 Only import from a path in one place, and each import should be on its own line.

  Why? Having multiple lines that import from the same path can make code harder to maintain.

  // bad
  import { named1 } from 'foo';
  // … some other imports … //
  import { named2 } from 'foo';
  
  // bad
  import { named1, named2 } from 'foo';
  
  // 
  import foo, {
    named1,
    named2,
  } from 'foo';

• 9.5 Do not export mutable bindings.

  Why? Mutation should be avoided in general, but in particular when exporting mutable bindings. While this technique may be needed for some special cases, in general, only constant references should be exported.

  // bad
  export let foo: number = 3;
  
  // good
  export const foo: number = 3;

• 9.6 Put all imports above non-import statements.

  Why? Since imports are hoisted, keeping them all at the top prevents surprising behavior.

  // bad
  import { foo } from 'foo';
  foo.init();
  
  import { bar } from 'bar';
  
  // good
  import { foo } from 'foo';
  import { bar } from 'bar';
  
  foo.init();

• 9.7 Multiline imports should be indented just like multiline array and object literals.

  Why? The curly braces follow the same indentation rules as every other curly brace block in the style guide, as do the trailing commas.

  // bad
  import {longNameA, longNameB, longNameC, longNameD, longNameE} from 'path';
  
  // good
  import {
    longNameA,
    longNameB,
    longNameC,
    longNameD,
    longNameE,
  } from 'path';

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Iterators and Generators

• 10.1 Don't use iterators. Prefer JavaScript's higher-order functions instead of loops like for-in or for-of.

  Why? This enforces our immutable rule. Dealing with pure functions that return values is easier to reason about than side effects.

  Use map() / every() / filter() / find() / findIndex() / reduce() / some() / ... to iterate over arrays, and Object.keys() / Object.values() / Object.entries() to produce arrays so you can iterate over objects.

  const numbers: number[] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
  
  // bad
  let sum: number = 0;
  for (let num: number of numbers) {
    sum += num;
  }
  sum === 15;
  
  // best (use the functional force)
  const sum: number = numbers.reduce((total: number, num: number): number => total + num, 0);
  sum === 15;
  
  // bad
  const increasedByOne: number[] = [];
  for (let i: number = 0; i < numbers.length; i++) {
    increasedByOne.push(numbers[i] + 1);
  }
  
  // best (keeping it functional)
  const increasedByOne: number[] = numbers.map((num: number): number => num + 1);

• 10.2 Don't use generators for now.

  Why? They don't transpile well to ES5.

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Properties

• 11.1 Use dot notation when accessing properties.

  const luke: Interface = {
    jedi: true,
    age: 28,
  };
  
  // bad
  const isJedi: boolean = luke['jedi'];
  
  // good
  const isJedi: boolean = luke.jedi;

• 11.2 Use bracket notation [] when accessing properties with a variable.

  const luke: Interface = {
    jedi: true,
    age: 28,
  };
  
  const getProp = (prop: string) => luke[prop];
  
  const isJedi: boolean = getProp('jedi');

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Variables

• 12.1 Always use const or let (not var) to declare variables. Not doing so will result in global variables. We want to avoid polluting the global namespace. Captain Planet warned us of that.

  // bad
  superPower: SuperPower = new SuperPower();
  
  // good
  const superPower: SuperPower = new SuperPower();

• 12.2 Use one const or let declaration per variable.

  Why? It's easier to add new variable declarations this way, and you never have to worry about swapping out a ; for a , or introducing punctuation-only diffs. You can also step through each declaration with the debugger, instead of jumping through all of them at once.

  // bad
  const items: Item[] = getItems(),
      goSportsTeam: boolean = true,
      dragonball: string = 'z';
  
  // bad
  // (compare to above, and try to spot the mistake)
  const items: Item[] = getItems(),
      goSportsTeam: boolean = true;
      dragonball: string = 'z';
  
  // good
  const items: Item[] = getItems();
  const goSportsTeam: boolean = true;
  const dragonball: string = 'z';

• 12.3 Group all your consts and then group all your lets.

  Why? This is helpful when later on you might need to assign a variable depending on one of the previous assigned variables.

  // bad
  const items: Item[] = getItems();
  let dragonball: string;
  const goSportsTeam: boolean = true;
  let len: number;
  
  // good
  const goSportsTeam = true;
  const items: Item[] = getItems();
  let dragonball: string;
  let len: number;

• 12.4 Assign variables where you need them, but place them in a reasonable place.

  Why? let and const are block scoped and not function scoped.

  // bad - unnecessary function call
  const checkName = (hasName: string): string|boolean => {
    const name: string = getName();
  
    if (hasName === 'test') {
      return false;
    }
  
    if (name === 'test') {
      this.setName('');
      return false;
    }
  
    return name;
  }
  
  // good
  const checkName = (hasName: string): string|boolean => {
    if (hasName === 'test') {
      return false;
    }
  
    const name: string = getName();
  
    if (name === 'test') {
      this.setName('');
      return false;
    }
  
    return name;
  }

• 12.5 Avoid using unary increments and decrements (++, --).

  Why? Disallowing unary increment and decrement statements prevents you from pre-incrementing/pre-decrementing values unintentionally which can also cause unexpected behavior in your programs.

  // bad
  
  const array: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
  let num: number = 1;
  num++;
  --num;
  
  let sum: number = 0;
  let truthyCount: number = 0;
  for (let i: number = 0; i < array.length; i++) {
    let value: number = array[i];
    sum += value;
    if (value) {
      truthyCount++;
    }
  }
  
  // good
  
  const array: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
  let num: number = 1;
  num += 1;
  num -= 1;
  
  const sum: number = array.reduce((a: number, b: number): number => a + b, 0);
  const truthyCount: number = array.filter(Boolean).length;

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Hoisting

Since this part appears to be more educational than anything else, you can refer to the original Airbnb Style Guide for more information about hoisting. In short, use const and let, and always avoid using var.

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Comparison Operators & Equality

• 13.1 Use === and !== over == and !=.

• 13.2 Conditional statements such as the if statement evaluate their expression using coercion with the ToBoolean abstract method and always follow these simple rules:

  • Objects evaluate to true
  • Undefined evaluates to false
  • Null evaluates to false
  • Booleans evaluate to the value of the boolean
  • Numbers evaluate to false if +0, -0, or NaN, otherwise true
  • Strings evaluate to false if an empty string '', otherwise true

  if ([0] && []) {
    // true
    // an array (even an empty one) is an object, objects will evaluate to true
  }

• 13.3 Use shortcuts for conditionals as often as possible.

  // bad
  if (isValid === true) {
    // ...
  }
  
  // good
  if (isValid) {
    // ...
  }
  
  // bad (unless you are testing for empty string only and not all falsy values)
  if (name !== '') {
    // ...
  }
  
  // good
  if (name) {
    // ...
  }
  
  // bad
  if (collection.length > 0) {
    // ...
  }
  
  // good
  if (collection.length) {
    // ...
  }

• 13.4 For more information see Truth Equality and JavaScript by Angus Croll.

• 13.5 Use braces to create blocks in case and default clauses that contain lexical declarations (e.g. let, const, function, and class).

  Why? Lexical declarations are visible in the entire switch block but only get initialized when assigned, which only happens when its case is reached. This causes problems when multiple case clauses attempt to define the same thing.

  // bad
  switch (foo) {
    case 1:
      let x: number = 1;
      break;
    case 2:
      const y: number = 2;
      break;
    case 3:
      const f = () => {
        // ...
      };
      break;
    default:
      class C {}
  }
  
  // good
  switch (foo) {
    case 1: {
      let x: number = 1;
      break;
    }
    case 2: {
      const y: number = 2;
      break;
    }
    case 3: {
      const f = () => {
        // ...
      }
      break;
    }
    case 4:
      bar();
      break;
    default: {
      class C {}
    }
  }

• 13.6 Ternaries should not be nested and generally be single line expressions.

  // bad
  const foo: string|null = maybe1 > maybe2
    ? "bar"
    : value1 > value2 ? "baz" : null;
  
  // good
  const maybeNull: string|null = value1 > value2 ? 'baz' : null;
  
  const foo: string|null = maybe1 > maybe2
    ? 'bar'
    : maybeNull;

• 13.7 Avoid unneeded ternary statements.

  // bad
  const foo: Interface = a ? a : b;
  const bar: boolean = c ? true : false;
  const baz: boolean = c ? false : true;
  
  // good
  const foo: Interface = a || b;
  const bar: boolean = !!c;
  const baz: boolean = !c;

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Blocks

• 14.1 Always use braces for if/else blocks or functions with multiple statemets, and place statements on their own lines.

  // bad
  if (test)
    return false;
  
  if (test) return false;
  
  // good
  if (test) {
    return false;
  }
  
  // bad
  const foo = (): boolean => { const isTrue: boolean = true; return isTrue; };
  
  // good
  const bar = (): boolean => {
    const isTrue: boolean = true;
    return isTrue;
  };
  
  // good
  const foo = (bar: boolean): boolean => bar;

• 14.2 If you're using multi-line blocks with if and else, put else on the same line as your if block's closing brace.

  // bad
  if (test) {
    thing1();
    thing2();
  }
  else {
    thing3();
  }
  
  // good
  if (test) {
    thing1();
    thing2();
  } else {
    thing3();
  }

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Control Statements

• 15.1 In case your control statement (if, while etc.) gets too long or exceeds the maximum line length, each (grouped) condition could be put into a new line. The logical operator should be placed at the beginning of the line.

  // bad
  if ((foo === 123 || bar === 'abc') && doesItLookGoodWhenItBecomesThatLong() && isThisReallyHappening()) {
    thing1();
  }
  
  // bad
  if ((foo === 123 || bar === "abc") &&
      doesItLookGoodWhenItBecomesThatLong() &&
      isThisReallyHappening()) {
      thing1();
  }
  
  // good
  if ((foo === 123 || bar === "abc")
      && doesItLookGoodWhenItBecomesThatLong()
      && isThisReallyHappening()) {
      thing1();
  }

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Comments

• 16.1 Use /** ... */ for multi-line comments.

  // bad
  // make() returns a new element
  // based on the passed in tag name
  //
  // @param {String} tag
  // @return {Element} element
  const make = (tag: string): Element => {
  
    // ...
  
    return element;
  }
  
  // good
  /**
   * make() returns a new element
   * based on the passed-in tag name
   */
  const make = (tag: string): Element {
  
    // ...
  
    return element;
  }

• 16.2 Use // for single line comments. Place single line comments on a newline above the subject of the comment. Put an empty line before the comment unless it's on the first line of a block.

  // bad
  const active: boolean = true;  // is current tab
  
  // good
  // is current tab
  const active: boolean = true;
  
  // bad
  const getType = (): string => {
    console.log('fetching type...');
    // set the default type to 'no type'
    const type: string = this.type || 'no type';
  
    return type;
  };
  
  // good
  const getType = (): string => {
    console.log('fetching type...');
  
    // set the default type to 'no type'
    const type: string = this.type || 'no type';
  
    return type;
  };
  
  // also good
  const getType = (): string => {
    // set the default type to 'no type'
    const type: string = this.type || 'no type';
  
    return type;
  };

• 16.3 Start all comments with a space to make it easier to read.

  // bad
  //is current tab
  const active: boolean = true;
  
  // good
  // is current tab
  const active: boolean = true;
  
  // bad
  /**
   *make() returns a new element
   *based on the passed-in tag name
   */
  const make = (tag: string): Element {
  
    // ...
  
    return element;
  };
  
  // good
  /**
   * make() returns a new element
   * based on the passed-in tag name
   */
  const make = (tag: string): Element {
  
    // ...
  
    return element;
  };

• 16.4 Prefixing your comments with TODO helps other developers quickly understand if you're pointing out a problem that needs to be solved. Whenever possible, these comments should be supplemented with more context, like a linked story that can be specified by, for example, a JIRA issue number.

  class Calculator extends Abacus {
    private total: number;
  
    constructor() {
      super();
  
      // TODO: total should be configurable by an options param - JIRA issue: UI-4312
      this.total = 0;
    }
  }

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Whitespace

• 17.1 Place 1 space before the opening parenthesis in control statements (if, while etc.). Place no space between the argument list and the function name in function calls and declarations.

  // bad
  if(isJedi) {
    fight ();
  }
  
  // good
  if (isJedi) {
    fight();
  }
  
  // bad
  fight () {
    console.log ('Swooosh!');
  }
  
  // good
  fight() {
    console.log('Swooosh!');
  }

• 17.2 Set off operators with spaces.

  // bad
  const x: number=y+5;
  
  // good
  const x: number = y + 5;

• 17.3 End files with a single newline character.

  // bad
  import { es6 } from './AirbnbStyleGuide';
    // ...
  export es6;

  // bad
  import { es6 } from './AirbnbStyleGuide';
    // ...
  export es6;↵
  ↵

  // good
  import { es6 } from './AirbnbStyleGuide';
    // ...
  export es6;↵

• 17.4 Use indentation when making long method chains (more than 2 method chains). Use a leading dot, which emphasizes that the line is a method call, not a new statement.

  // bad
  $('#items').find('.selected').highlight().end().find('.open').updateCount();
  
  // bad
  $('#items').
    find('.selected').
    focus().
    click();
  
  // good
  $('#items')
    .find('.selected')
    .focus()
    .click();
  
  // good
  const leds: string = stage.selectAll('.led').data(data);

• 17.5 Leave a blank line after blocks and before the next statement.

  // bad
  if (foo) {
    return bar;
  }
  return baz;
  
  // good
  if (foo) {
    return bar;
  }
  
  return baz;
  
  // bad
  const obj: Interface = {
    foo: () => {},
    bar: () => {},
  };
  return obj;
  
  // good
  const obj: Interface = {
    foo: () => {},
    bar: () => {},
  };
  
  return obj;

• 17.6 Do not pad your blocks with blank lines.

  // bad
  bar() {
  
    console.log(foo);
  
  }
  
  // also bad
  if (baz) {
  
    console.log(qux);
  } else {
    console.log(foo);
  
  }
  
  // good
  bar() {
    console.log(foo);
  }
  
  // good
  if (baz) {
    console.log(qux);
  } else {
    console.log(foo);
  }

• 17.7 Do not add spaces inside parentheses.

  // bad
  bar( foo: Foo ): Foo {
    return foo;
  }
  
  // good
  bar(foo: Foo): Foo {
    return foo;
  }
  
  // bad
  if ( foo ) {
    console.log(foo);
  }
  
  // good
  if (foo) {
    console.log(foo);
  }

• 17.8 Do not add spaces inside brackets.

  // bad
  const foo: number[] = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
  console.log(foo[ 0 ]);
  
  // good
  const foo: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
  console.log(foo[0]);

• 17.9 Add spaces inside curly braces.

  // bad
  const foo: Interface = { clark: 'kent' };
  
  // good
  const foo: Interface = {clark: 'kent'};

• 17.10 Avoid having lines of code that are longer than 140 characters (including whitespace). If a line is to be broken, it should be broken at a meaningful position. If it barely exceeds 140 characters, you can leave it as is. Note: per above, long strings are exempt from this rule, and should not be broken up.

  Why? This ensures readability and maintainability.

  // bad
  const foo: Interface = jsonData && jsonData.foo && jsonData.foo.bar && jsonData.foo.bar.baz && jsonData.foo.bar.baz.quux && jsonData.foo.bar.baz.quux.xyzzy;
  
  // good
  const foo: Interface = jsonData
    && jsonData.foo
    && jsonData.foo.bar
    && jsonData.foo.bar.baz
    && jsonData.foo.bar.baz.quux
    && jsonData.foo.bar.baz.quux.xyzzy;
  
  // bad
  $.ajax({ method: 'POST', url: 'https://airbnb.com/', data: { name: 'John' } }).done(() => console.log('Congratulations!')).fail(() => console.log('You have failed this city.'));
  
  // good
  $.ajax({
    method: 'POST',
    url: 'https://airbnb.com/',
    data: { name: 'John' },
  })
    .done(() => console.log('Congratulations!'))
    .fail(() => console.log('You have failed this city.'));

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Commas

• 18.1 Do not use leading commas, use trailing commas.

  // bad
  const story: Word[] = [
      once
    , upon
    , aTime
  ];
  
  // good
  const story: Word[] = [
    once,
    upon,
    aTime,
  ];
  
  // bad
  const hero: Hero = {
      firstName: 'Ada'
    , lastName: 'Lovelace'
    , birthYear: 1815
    , superPower: 'computers'
  };
  
  // good
  const hero: Hero = {
    firstName: 'Ada',
    lastName: 'Lovelace',
    birthYear: 1815,
    superPower: 'computers',
  };

• 18.2 Use the additional trailing comma.

  Why? This leads to cleaner git diffs. Also, transpilers like Babel will remove the additional trailing comma in the transpiled code which means you don't have to worry about the trailing comma problem in legacy browsers.

  // bad - git diff without trailing comma
  const hero: Hero = {
       firstName: 'Florence',
  -    lastName: 'Nightingale'
  +    lastName: 'Nightingale',
  +    inventorOf: ['coxcomb chart', 'modern nursing']
  };
  
  // good - git diff with trailing comma
  const hero: Hero = {
       firstName: 'Florence',
       lastName: 'Nightingale',
  +    inventorOf: ['coxcomb chart', 'modern nursing'],
  };

  // bad
  const hero: Hero = {
    firstName: 'Dana',
    lastName: 'Scully'
  };
  
  const heroes: string[] = [
    'Batman',
    'Superman'
  ];
  
  // good
  const hero: Hero = {
    firstName: 'Dana',
    lastName: 'Scully',
  };
  
  const heroes: string[] = [
    'Batman',
    'Superman',
  ];
  
  // bad
  createHero(
    firstName: string,
    lastName: string,
    inventorOf: string[]
  ) {
    // does nothing
  }
  
  // good
  createHero(
    firstName: string,
    lastName: string,
    inventorOf: string[],
  ) {
    // does nothing
  }
  
  // bad
  createHero(
    firstName: string,
    lastName: string,
    inventorOf: string[]
  );
  
  // good
  createHero(
    firstName: string,
    lastName: string,
    inventorOf: string[],
  );
  
  // good (note that a comma must not appear after a "rest" element)
  createHero(
    firstName: string,
    lastName: string,
    inventorOf: string[],
    ...heroArgs
  );

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Semicolons

• 19.1 Use semicolons to end your code statements.

  // bad
  ((): string {
    const name: string = 'Skywalker'
    return name
  })()
  
  // good
  ((): string {
    const name: string = 'Skywalker';
    return name;
  }());

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Type Casting & Coercion

• 20.1 Perform type coercion at the beginning of the statement.

• 20.2 Strings:

  // => this.reviewScore = 9;
  
  // bad
  const totalScore: string = this.reviewScore + ''; // invokes this.reviewScore.valueOf()
  
  // bad
  const totalScore: string = this.reviewScore.toString(); // isn't guaranteed to return a string
  
  // good
  const totalScore: string = String(this.reviewScore);

• 20.3 Numbers: Use Number for type casting and parseInt always with a radix for parsing strings.

  const inputValue: string = '4';
  
  // bad
  const val: number = new Number(inputValue);
  
  // bad
  const val: number = +inputValue;
  
  // bad
  const val: number = inputValue >> 0;
  
  // bad
  const val: number = parseInt(inputValue);
  
  // good
  const val: number = Number(inputValue);
  
  // good
  const val: number = parseInt(inputValue, 10);

• 20.4 If for whatever reason you are doing something wild and parseInt is your bottleneck and need to use Bitshift for performance reasons, leave a comment explaining why and what you're doing.

  // good
  /**
   * parseInt was the reason my code was slow.
   * Bitshifting the String to coerce it to a
   * Number made it a lot faster.
   */
  const val: number = inputValue >> 0;

• 20.5 Note: Be careful when using bitshift operations. Numbers are represented as 64-bit values, but bitshift operations always return a 32-bit integer (source). Bitshift can lead to unexpected behavior for integer values larger than 32 bits. Discussion. Largest signed 32-bit Int is 2,147,483,647:

  2147483647 >> 0; // => 2147483647
  2147483648 >> 0; // => -2147483648
  2147483649 >> 0; // => -2147483647

• 20.6 Booleans:

  const age: number = 0;
  
  // bad
  const hasAge: boolean = new Boolean(age);
  const hasAge: boolean = Boolean(age);
  
  // best
  const hasAge: boolean = !!age;

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Naming Conventions

• 21.1 Be descriptive with your naming.

  // bad
  const q = () => {
    // ...
  };
  
  // good
  const query = () => {
    // ...
  };

• 21.2 Use camelCase when naming objects, functions, and instances.

  // bad
  const OBJEcttsssss: Interface = {};
  const this_is_my_object: Interface = {};
  const c = () => {};
  
  // good
  const thisIsMyObject: Interface = {};
  const thisIsMyFunction = () => {};

• 21.3 Use PascalCase only when naming constructors or classes.

  // bad
  class user {
    private name: string;
  
    constructor(options: Options) {
      this.name = options.name;
    }
  }
  
  const bad: user = new user({
    name: 'nope',
  });
  
  // good
  class User {
    private name: string;
  
    constructor(options: Options) {
      this.name = options.name;
    }
  }
  
  const good: User = new User({
    name: 'yup',
  });

• 21.4 Do not use trailing or leading underscores.

⬆ back to top

Accessors

• 22.1 Accessor functions for properties are not required.

• 22.2 Do use TypeScript getters/setters.

  // good
  class Dragon {
    get age(): number {
      // ...
    }
  
    set age(value: number): number {
      // ...
    }
  }

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Events

• 23.1 When attaching data payloads to events (whether DOM events or something more proprietary like Backbone events), pass a hash instead of a raw value. This allows a subsequent contributor to add more data to the event payload without finding and updating every handler for the event. For example, instead of:

  // bad
  $(this).trigger('listingUpdated', listing.id);
  
  // ...
  
  $(this).on('listingUpdated', (e: JQueryEvent, listingId: string) => {
    // do something with listingId
  });

  prefer:

  // good
  $(this).trigger('listingUpdated', { listingId: listing.id });
  
  // ...
  
  $(this).on('listingUpdated', (e: JQueryEvent, data: { listingId: string; }) => {
    // do something with data.listingId
  });

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jQuery

• 24.1 Prefix jQuery object variables with a $ if they are outside ui elements bind to a Marionette View.

  // bad
  const sidebar: JQueryElement = $('.sidebar');
  
  // good
  const $sidebar: JQueryElement = $('.sidebar');
  
  // good
  const $sidebarBtn: JQueryElement = $('.sidebar-btn');

• 24.2 Cache jQuery lookups whenever possible.

  // bad
  function setSidebar() {
    $('.sidebar').hide();
  
    // ...
  
    $('.sidebar').css({
      'background-color': 'pink',
    });
  }
  
  // good
  function setSidebar() {
    const $sidebar: JQueryElement = $('.sidebar');
    $sidebar.hide();
  
    // ...
  
    $sidebar.css({
      'background-color': 'pink',
    });
  }

• 24.3 For DOM queries use Cascading $('.sidebar ul') or parent > child $('.sidebar > ul'). jsPerf

• 24.4 Use find with scoped jQuery object queries.

  // bad
  $('ul', '.sidebar').hide();
  
  // bad
  $('.sidebar').find('ul').hide();
  
  // good
  $('.sidebar ul').hide();
  
  // good
  $('.sidebar > ul').hide();
  
  // good
  $sidebar.find('ul').hide();

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ECMAScript 6+ (ES 2015+) Styles

• 25.1 Do not use TC39 proposals that have not reached stage 3.

  Why? They are not finalized, and they are subject to change or to be withdrawn entirely. We want to use JavaScript, and proposals are not JavaScript yet.

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Testing

• 26.1 We use Jasmine at Coveo, and combine it with Enzyme when testing React components.

• 26.2 You should be writing tests for all new code you write. 100% test coverage is a good goal to strive for, even if it's not always practical to reach it.

  Why? Testing aggressively gives you solid proofs that your system/application will work the way you want. Plus, if new code breaks your application, it will be much easier to find out why it happened if the code base is well tested.

• 26.3 Whenever you fix a bug, write a regression test. In other words, add additional unit tests proving that the bug is really fixed and unlikely to break again in the future.

  Why? A bug fixed without a regression test is almost certainly going to break again in the future.

• 26.4 Use mocks to mock objects, and create them in their own files.

  Why? Having your mocks outside your test files makes your tests more readable.

• 26.5 Name your spies with the name of the entity you want to spy on (be it a method or property) following with the Spy suffix. For example, if you want to spy on a method called renderChildren, you should name your spy renderChildrenSpy.

  Why? Naming your spies makes your tests easier to understand and shorter to write overall. Adding the Spy suffix makes the person who reads your code aware that it is a "spied upon" entity.

• 26.6 Prefer built-in jasmine matchers (toBeDefined, toEqual, toBe, toContain, etc) before custom matchers, except for toBeTruthy and toBeFalsy.

  Why? Jasmine's matchers are robust and give clear information in the logs if your test breaks, which make things easier to debug.

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Reviewing

• 27.1 Review code of your peers daily as long as there are pull requests to review. No, this won't affect your productivity negatively, it will speed it up.

  Why? Receiving or giving code reviews at least daily speeds up the feedback rate for each team member and consequently speeds up the rate at which your team merges its pull requests without losing in quality. Reviewing and merging pull requests at a standard and predictible pace gives momentum to the team. Adopting this habit can also free your brain from thinking about tasks that have remained pending in a "review" state for multiple days without having received any feedback.

• 27.2 Consider a complete code review as having read (and hopefully understood) each line of code contained in the pull request being reviewed, including its unit tests. If there is a demo (in the form of a live demo, video or image), make sure you thoroughly tested it or seen it. If the pull request to review is long and you think it will take more than an hour to do, be disciplined, and do it anyway.

  Why? Half a review is no review. Be thorough and genuinely critical in your review, but always remain respectful.

• 27.3 Avoid looking for small or unimportant issues. As a rule of thumb, seek "good enough" code, and not perfection (it's subjective anyway). If the code fits the standards described in this document, don't go overboard to prove a point. You can offer suggestions, but don't insist on them being implemented to approve features of your peers.

  Why? Nit picking and perfectionism kills development speed.

Being Reviewed

• 28.1 Avoid letting your pull requests pending "in review" for too long. As a rule of thumb, focus on applying reviews and closing your on going pull requests before starting other features.

  Why? It keeps discussions around pull requests more lively and on point. It's easy to lose some context about a pull request when you did not touch it for a couple of days.

• 28.2 Provide written explanations on what complex parts of your code do. Provide written explanations on changes you've made after receiving reviews. And, all explanations should preferably appear in the pull request itself.

  Why? Explanations help everybody understand better your pull request and its advancements. Having them all in the pull request allow everyone to see the explanations (as opposed to direct messages between two team members on Slack).

• 28.3 Combat lazyness. It might sound obvious when you are fresh into a new feature. However, after a couple of days (or weeks) into one, things can get psychologically more complex. Always stay self-aware of whether you are arguing against doing something because you are tired of a feature, or really because it is not worthwile to do at this point.

  Why? Regardless of the state you're in, quality should always be the first priority.

• 28.4 Avoid debating over small or unimportant issues. If, in your view, you received nit picking comments on your pull request and someone insists on you making changes, apply them quickly and move on.

  Why? Sometimes things are just subjective and arguing thus becomes a time-consuming dead end. The sooner the reviewer or the reviewee recognizes the situation, the better.

TypeScript

Interface

• 29.1 Use PascalCase when naming your interfaces, and camelCase for their members.

• 29.2 Do not prefix your interfaces with I.

  Why? Unconventional. Important interfaces (like Window, Document) are usually not defined with the I prefix.

Type

• 29.3 Use PascalCase when naming your types, and camelCase for their members.

Enum

• 29.4 Use PascalCase when naming your enums, and camelCase for their members.

Function

• 29.5 Avoid specifying the returned type if the function can return anything (any) or nothing.

Namespace

• 29.7 Do not use namespaces. Use modules.

Libraries and Frameworks

The following list is an overview of the main frameworks and libraries we use when developping for the Coveo Cloud Platform. You can dig deeper by clicking on the links of each library or framework listed:

• Backbone.js
• Marionette.js
• EJS
• React
• Redux
• Underscore.js
• jQuery
• Moment.js
• URI.js
• Polyglot.js
• Webpack
• Gulp
• npm

A few rules of thumb:

• Use "native" features of Backbone/Marionette and React/Redux whenever you can. Only defaults to using jQuery if and only if your problem cannot be solved with the main frameworks and architecture we use.
• Always use EJS for HTML templating if you are working with Backbone/Marionette.
• Use Underscore.js as much as it pleases you.
• If you are working on new components or complex features, favor React/Redux over Backbone/Marionette as your framework of choice.

Notes on Legacy Code

As for any project that has lived for a long period of time, you may find some places in the code base where the code does not respect some standards described above. In this case, do refactor the code if it is related to your current task, or if you think it could represent a potential security or bug threat. Otherwise, you can leave the code as it is.

Remaining Sections

You can refer to the original Airbnb Style Guide for the remaining sections if you want, although they are really not a required read by our team.