Remove unused eslint-plugin-standard peerDep

[hoobdeebla]

This PR does the following:

1. Removes the outdated and unused eslint-plugin-standard peerDependency
2. Makes peerDeps use ^ operator instead of >= as has already been done for other standard repos - requires bumping peerDeps more often but prevents upstream breaking changes from affecting users
3. Syncs the package.json metadata fields with their standard/eslint-config-standard equivalents

[welcome]

🙌 Thanks for opening this pull request! You're awesome.

[vladimyr]

How about making it into 2 or even 3 PRs so we don't have such a huge diff?

1. What is the reasoning behind removing install-peerdeps installation shortcut?
2. package.json test field is used for declaring test command/s, not for the whole CI pipeline

My main problem with this is that you joined together a bunch of non-essential stuff with essential peer dependencies version updates. Former should be addressed through multiple unrelated PRs where points like those two I just listed could/should be addressed while latter could land in as quickly as possible without any discussion needed...

[vladimyr]

Don't get me wrong it really warms my heart seeing people giving some love to this and other projects. Sincere kudos for doing that and don't let my tone turn you down from keep doing it! 🏆

[voxpelli]

I took quite a bit of inspiration as I modernized this module in preparation for releasing a new version of semistandard.

Much of this one is released in version 16.0.0, and I gave you credit in the release notes: https://github.com/standard/eslint-config-semistandard/releases/tag/v16.0.0

Thanks!