[build] Temporarily switch to clang-14

[feisuzhu]

Issue: #

Brief Summary

🤖[deprecated] Generated by Copilot at ba889a6

Updated the docker image and workflows to use LLVM 14 for taichi. This improves the compatibility, simplicity, and efficiency of the development and testing environment.

Walkthrough

🤖[deprecated] Generated by Copilot at ba889a6

• Update the docker image version for the performance, release, and testing workflows to use LLVM 14 instead of LLVM 15 (link, link, link)

• Install clang, clang-tidy, llvm, and lld packages from the LLVM 14 apt repository instead of LLVM 15 (link)
• Create symbolic links for clang, clang++, lld, and ld.lld binaries using the LLVM 14 version instead of LLVM 15 (link)
• Remove the redundant environment variables CC and CXX that were already set by the symbolic links (link, link)
• Remove the installation of the patcher;v4 component from the Android SDK, as it is not needed by taichi (link)

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