PyXero

PyXero is a Python API for accessing the REST API provided by the Xero accounting tool. It allows access to both Public, Private and Partner applications.

Quickstart:

Install this library using the python package manager:

pip install pyxero

You'll need to follow the Xero Developer documentation to register your application. Do that as follows:

Public Applications

Public applications use a 3-step OAuth process.

When you register your public application with Xero, you'll be given a Consumer Key and a Consumer secret. These are both strings.

To access the Xero API you must first create some credentials:

>>> from xero.auth import PublicCredentials
>>> credentials = PublicCredentials(<consumer_key>, <consumer_secret>)
>>> print credentials.url
'http://my.xero.com/.....'

You now direct the user to visit the URL described by credentials.url. They will be asked to log into their Xero account, and then shown a request to authenticate your request to access the user's account. When the allow access, they will be directed to a page that gives them a 6-digit verification number. Put this verifier number into a string, and call verify() on the credentials object::

>>> credentials.verify(<verifier string>)

This will verify your credentials, and retrieve an access token. You can then use your credentials to instantiate an instance of the Xero API::

>>> from xero import Xero
>>> xero = Xero(credentials)

Public Applications with verification by callback

Public applications can also be validated using a callback URI. If this approach is used, the user won't be given a verification number. Instead, when they authorize the OAuth request, their browser will be redirected to a pre-configured callback URI, which will deliver the validation token directly to your application.

To use a callback, you must provide a domain as part of your Xero application registration; then, you provide a URL under that domain as the third argument when creating the credentials::

>>> credentials = PublicCredentials(<consumer_key>, <consumer_secret>, <callback_uri>)
>>> print credentials.url
'http://my.xero.com/.....'

When the user authorizes access to their Xero account, the callback_url will be called with three GET arguments:

• oauth_token: The oauth_token that this request belongs to
• oauth_verifier: The verifier string
• org: An identifier for the organization that is allowing access.

The verifier can then be used to verify the credentials, as with the manual process.

Reconstructing Public credentials

Public Applications use a 3-step OAuth process, and if you're doing this in a web application, you will usually lose the credentials object over the verification step. This means you need to be able to restore the credentials object when verification has been provided.

The state attribute of a credentials object contains all the details needed to reconstruct an instance of the credentials::

>>> saved_state = credentials.state
>>> print saved_state
{'consumer_key': '...', 'consumer_secret': '...', ...}

>>> new_credentials = PublicCredentials(**saved_state)

Private Applications

If using a Private application, you will need to install PyCrypto, a pure Python cryptographic module. You'll also need to generate an signed RSA certificate, and submit that certificate as part of registering your application with Xero. See the Xero Developer documentation for more details.

When you register your private application with Xero, you'll be given a Consumer Key. You'll also be given a Consumer secret - this can be ignored.

Using the Private credentials is much simpler than the Public credentials, because there's no verification step -- verification is managed using RSA signed API requests::

>>> from xero import Xero
>>> from xero.auth import PrivateCredentials
>>> with open(<path to rsa key file>) as keyfile:
...     rsa_key = keyfile.read()
>>> credentials = PrivateCredentials(<consumer_key>, rsa_key)
>>> xero = Xero(credentials)

Follow these steps to generate a public/private key pair to sign your requests. You'll upload your public key when you create your Xero Private app at https://app.xero.com. You'll use the private key (aka RSA key) to generate your oAuth signature.

The RSA key is a multi-line string that will look something like::

-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIICXgIBAAKBgQDWJbmxJjQLGM76sZkk2EhsdpV0Gxtrhzh/wiNBGffa5JHV/Ex4
....
mtXGQjKqsOpuCw7HwgnRQUWKYbaJ3a+yTCFjVwa9keQhDQ==
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----

You can get this string by either reading the contents of your private key file into a variable, or storing the key value as a constant. If you choose to store the key value as a constant, remember two things:

• DO NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES check this file into a public repository. It is your identity, and anyone with access to this file could masquerade as you.

• Make sure there is no leading space before the -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY----- portion of the string.

Partner Applications

Partner Application authentication works similarly to the 3-step OAuth used by Public Applications, but with RSA signed requests. Partner OAuth tokens still have a 30 minute expiry, but can be swapped for a new token at any time.

When you register your partner application with Xero, you'll have a Consumer Key, Consumer Secret and RSA Key. All three elements are required.

>>> from xero import Xero
>>> from xero.auth import PartnerCredentials
>>> credentials = PartnerCredentials(<consumer_key>, <consumer_secret>,
...                                  <rsa_key>)
>>> xero = Xero(credentials)

When using the API over an extended period, you will need to exchange tokens when they expire.

>>> if credentials.expired():
...     credentials.refresh()

Important: credentials.state changes after a token swap. Be sure to persist the new state.

Using OAuth2 Credentials

OAuth2 Credentials work similarly to the 3-step OAuth used by Partner Applications. OAuth2 tokens have a 30 minute expiry, but can be swapped for a new token at any time. Xero documentation on the OAuth2 process can be found here. The procedure for creating and authenticating credentials is as follows (with a Django example at the end):

1. Register your app with Xero, using a redirect URI which will be served by your app in order to complete the authorisation e.g. https://mysite.com/oauth/xero/callback/. See step 3 for an example of what your app should do. Generate a Client Secret, then store it and the Client Id somewhere that your app can access them, such as a config file.

2. Construct an OAuth2Credentials instance using the details from the first step.

   >>> from xero.auth import OAuth2Credentials
   >>>
   >>> credentials = OAuth2Credentials(client_id, client_secret,
   >>>                                 callback_uri=callback_uri)

   If neccessary pass in a list of scopes to define the scopes required by your app. E.g. if write access is required to transactions and payroll employees:

   >>> from xero.constants import XeroScopes
   >>>
   >>> my_scope = [XeroScopes.ACCOUNTING_TRANSACTIONS,
   >>>             XeroScopes.PAYROLL_EMPLOYEES]
   >>> credentials = OAuth2Credentials(client_id, client_secret, scope=my_scope
   >>>                                 callback_uri=callback_uri)

   The default scopes are ['offline_access', 'accounting.transactions.read', 'accounting.contacts.read']. offline_access is required in order for tokens to be refreshable. For more details on scopes see Xero's documentation.

3. Generate a Xero authorisation url which the user can visit to complete authorisation. Then store the state of the credentials object and redirect the user to the url in their browser.

   >>> authorisation_url = credentials.generate_url()
   >>>
   >>> # Now store credentials.state somewhere accessible, e.g a cache
   >>> mycache['xero_creds'] = credentials.state
   >>>
   >>> # then redirect the user to authorisation_url
   ...

   The callback URI should be the redirect URI you used in step 1.

4. After authorization the user will be redirected from Xero to the callback URI provided in step 1, along with a querystring containing the authentication secret. When your app processes this request, it should pass the full URI including querystring to verify():

   >>> # Recreate the credentials object
   >>> credentials = OAuth2Credentials(**mycache['xero_creds'])
   >>>
   >>> # Get the full redirect uri from the request including querystring
   >>> # e.g. request_uri = 'https://mysite.com/oauth/xero/callback/?code=0123456789&scope=openid%20profile&state=87784234sdf5ds8ad546a8sd545ss6'
   >>>
   >>> credentials.verify(request_uri)

   A token will be fetched from Xero and saved as credentials.token. If the credentials object needs to be created again either dump the whole object using:

   >>> cred_state = credentials.state
   >>> ...
   >>> new_creds = OAuth2Credentials(**cred_state)

   or just use the client_id, client_secret and token (and optionally scopes and tenant_id):

   >>> token = credentials.token
   >>> ...
   >>> new_creds = OAuth2Credentials(client_id, client_secret, token=token)

5. Now the credentials may be used to authorize a Xero session. As OAuth2 allows authentication for multiple Xero Organisations, it is necessary to set the tenant_id against which the xero client's queries will run.

   >>> from xero import Xero
   >>> # Use the first xero organisation (tenant) permitted
   >>> credentials.set_default_tenant()
   >>> xero = Xero(credentials)
   >>> xero.contacts.all()
   >>> ...

   If the scopes supplied in Step 2 did not require access to organisations (e.g. when only requesting scopes for single sign) it will not be possible to make requests with the Xero API and set_default_tenant() will raise an exception.

   To pick from multiple possible Xero organisations the tenant_id may be set explicitly:

   >>> tenants = credentials.get_tenants()
   >>> credentials.tenant_id = tenants[1]['tenantId']
   >>> xero = Xero(credentials)

   OAuth2Credentials.__init__() accepts tenant_id as a keyword argument.

6. If a refresh token is available, it can be used to generate a new token:

   >>> if credentials.expired():
   >>>     credentials.refresh()
   >>>     # Then store the new credentials or token somewhere for future use:
   >>>     cred_state = credentials.state
   >>>     # or
   >>>     new_token = credentials.token

Django OAuth2 App Example

This example shows authorisation, automatic token refreshing and API use in a Django app which has read/write access to contacts and transactions. If the cache used is cleared on server restart, the token will be lost and verification will have to take place again.

   from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
   from django.core.cache import caches

   from xero import Xero
   from xero.auth import OAuth2Credentials
   from xero.constants import XeroScopes

   def start_xero_auth_view(request):
       # Get client_id, client_secret from config file or settings then
       credentials = OAuth2Credentials(
           client_id, client_secret, callback_uri=callback_uri,
           scope=[XeroScopes.OFFLINE_ACCESS, XeroScopes.ACCOUNTING_CONTACTS,
                  XeroScopes.ACCOUNTING_TRANSACTIONS]
       )
       authorization_url = credentials.generate_url()
       caches['mycache'].set('xero_creds', credentials.state)
       return HttpResponseRedirect(authorization_url)

   def process_callback_view(request):
       cred_state = caches['mycache'].get('xero_creds')
       credentials = OAuth2Credentials(**cred_state)
       auth_secret = request.get_raw_uri()
       credentials.verify(auth_secret)
       credentials.set_default_tenant()
       caches['mycache'].set('xero_creds', credentials.state)

   def some_view_which_calls_xero(request):
       cred_state = caches['mycache'].get('xero_creds')
       credentials = OAuth2Credentials(**cred_state)
       if credentials.expired():
           credentials.refresh()
           caches['mycache'].set('xero_creds', credentials.state)
       xero = Xero(credentials)

       contacts = xero.contacts.all()
       ...

Using the Xero API

This API is a work in progress. At present, there is no wrapper layer to help create real objects, it just returns dictionaries in the exact format provided by the Xero API. This will change into a more useful API before 1.0

The Xero API object exposes a simple API for retrieving and updating objects. For example, to deal with contacts::

# Retrieve all contact objects
>>> xero.contacts.all()
[{...contact info...}, {...contact info...}, {...contact info...}, ...]

# Retrieve a specific contact object
>>> xero.contacts.get(u'b2b5333a-2546-4975-891f-d71a8a640d23')
{...contact info...}

# Retrieve all contacts updated since 1 Jan 2013
>>> xero.contacts.filter(since=datetime(2013, 1, 1))
[{...contact info...}, {...contact info...}, {...contact info...}]

# Retrieve all contacts whose name is 'John Smith'
>>> xero.contacts.filter(Name='John Smith')
[{...contact info...}, {...contact info...}, {...contact info...}]

# Retrieve all contacts whose name starts with 'John'
>>> xero.contacts.filter(Name__startswith='John')
[{...contact info...}, {...contact info...}, {...contact info...}]

# Retrieve all contacts whose name ends with 'Smith'
>>> xero.contacts.filter(Name__endswith='Smith')
[{...contact info...}, {...contact info...}, {...contact info...}]

# Retrieve all contacts whose name starts with 'John' and ends with 'Smith'
>>> xero.contacts.filter(Name__startswith='John', Name__endswith='Smith')
[{...contact info...}, {...contact info...}, {...contact info...}]

# Retrieve all contacts whose name contains 'mit'
>>> xero.contacts.filter(Name__contains='mit')
[{...contact info...}, {...contact info...}, {...contact info...}]

# Create a new object
>>> xero.contacts.put({...contact info...})

# Create multiple new objects
>>> xero.contacts.put([{...contact info...}, {...contact info...}, {...contact info...}])

# Save an update to an existing object
>>> c = xero.contacts.get(u'b2b5333a-2546-4975-891f-d71a8a640d23')
>>> c['Name'] = 'John Smith'
>>> xero.contacts.save(c)

# Save multiple objects
>>> xero.contacts.save([c1, c2])

Complex filters can be constructed in the Django-way, for example retrieving invoices for a contact:

>>> xero.invoices.filter(Contact_ContactID='83ad77d8-48a7-4f77-9146-e6933b7fb63b')

Filters which aren't supported by this API can also be constructed using 'raw' mode like this:

>>> xero.invoices.filter(raw='AmountDue > 0')

Be careful when dealing with large amounts of data, the Xero API will take an increasingly long time to respond, or an error will be returned. If a query might return more than 100 results, you should make use of the page parameter::

# Grab 100 invoices created after 01-01-2013
>>> xero.invoices.filter(since=datetime(2013, 1, 1), page=1)

You can also order the results to be returned::

# Grab contacts ordered by EmailAddress
>>> xero.contacts.filter(order='EmailAddress DESC')

For invoices (and other objects that can be retrieved as PDFs), accessing the PDF is done via setting the Accept header:

# Fetch a PDF
invoice = xero.invoices.get('af722e93-b64f-482d-9955-1b027bfec896', \
    headers={'Accept': 'application/pdf'})
# Stream the PDF to the user (Django specific example)
response = HttpResponse(invoice, content_type='application/pdf')
response['Content-Disposition'] = 'attachment; filename="invoice.pdf"'
return response

Download and uploading attachments is supported using the Xero GUID of the relevant object::

# List attachments on a contact
>>> xero.contacts.get_attachments(c['ContactID'])
[{...attachment info...}, {...attachment info...}]

# Attach a PDF to a contact
>>> f = open('form.pdf', 'rb')
>>> xero.contacts.put_attachment(c['ContactID'], 'form.pdf', f, 'application/pdf')
>>> f.close()

>>> xero.contacts.put_attachment_data(c['ContactID'], 'form.pdf', data, 'application/pdf')

# Download an attachment
>>> f = open('form.pdf', 'wb')
>>> xero.contacts.get_attachment(c['ContactID'], 'form.pdf', f)
>>> f.close()

>>> data = xero.contacts.get_attachment_data(c['ContactID'], 'form.pdf')

This same API pattern exists for the following API objects:

• Accounts
• Attachments
• BankTransactions
• BankTransfers
• BrandingThemes
• ContactGroups
• Contacts
• CreditNotes
• Currencies
• Employees
• ExpenseClaims
• Invoices
• Items
• Journals
• ManualJournals
• Organisation
• Overpayments
• Payments
• Prepayments
• Purchase Orders
• Receipts
• RepeatingInvoices
• Reports
• TaxRates
• TrackingCategories
• Users

Payroll

In order to access the payroll methods from Xero, you can do it like this:

xero.payrollAPI.payruns.all()

Within the payrollAPI you have access to:

• employees
• leaveapplications
• payitems
• payrollcalendars
• payruns
• payslip
• superfunds
• timesheets

Projects

In order to access the projects methods from Xero, you can do it like this:

xero.projectsAPI.projects.all()

Within the projectsAPI you have access to:

• projects
• projectsusers
• tasks
• time

Under the hood

Using a wrapper around Xero API is a really nice feature, but it's also interesting to understand what is exactly happening under the hood.

Filter operator

filter operator wraps the "where" keyword in Xero API.

# Retrieves all contacts whose name is "John"
>>> xero.contacts.filter(name="John")

# Triggers this GET request:
Html encoded: <XERO_API_URL>/Contacts?where=name%3D%3D%22John%22
Non encoded:  <XERO_API_URL>/Contacts?where=name=="John"

Several parameters are separated with encoded '&&' characters:

# Retrieves all contacts whose first name is "John" and last name is "Doe"
>>> xero.contacts.filter(firstname="John", lastname="Doe")

# Triggers this GET request:
Html encoded: <XERO_API_URL>/Contacts?where=lastname%3D%3D%22Doe%22%26%26firstname%3D%3D%22John%22
Non encoded:  <XERO_API_URL>/Contacts?where=lastname=="Doe"&&firstname=="John"

Underscores are automatically converted as "dots":

# Retrieves all contacts whose name is "John"
>>> xero.contacts.filter(first_name="John")

# Triggers this GET request:
Html encoded: <XERO_API_URL>/Contacts?where=first.name%3D%3D%22John%22%
Non encoded:  <XERO_API_URL>/Contacts?where=first.name=="John"

Contributing

If you're going to run the PyXero test suite, in addition to the dependencies for PyXero, you need to add the following dependency to your environment:

mock >= 1.0

Mock isn't included in the formal dependencies because they aren't required for normal operation of PyXero. It's only required for testing purposes.

Once you've installed these dependencies, you can run the test suite by running the following from the root directory of the project:

$ python setup.py test

If you find any problems with PyXero, you can log them on Github Issues. When reporting problems, it's extremely helpful if you can provide reproduction instructions -- the sequence of calls and/or test data that can be used to reproduce the issue.

New features or bug fixes can be submitted via a pull request. If you want your pull request to be merged quickly, make sure you either include regression test(s) for the behavior you are adding/fixing, or provide a good explanation of why a regression test isn't possible.