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This change makes all uses of data plural for consistency #1228

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This change makes all uses of data plural for consistency #1228

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35 changes: 17 additions & 18 deletions responsible-use/index.html
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Expand Up @@ -90,7 +90,6 @@
<li>Improve messaging of "It's powerful, so there's a point to doing making use responsible".</li>
<li>Edit spatial is special section to make it less academic.</li>
<li>Decide on how we want to show off use cases.</li>
<li>Decide on plurality of data: e.g., the data shows vs the data... and make consistent throughout.</li>
<li>Create links/anchors for all acronyms throughout document.</li>
</ul>
</section>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -121,7 +120,7 @@ <h2>Introduction</h2>
sharing of individuals <a href="https://w3.org/TR/sdw-bp#spatialdata">spatial data</a> can lead to
beneficial insights and services, but it can also compromise citizens' privacy. This, in turn, may make them
vulnerable to governmental overreach, tracking, discrimination, unwanted advertisement, and so forth. Hence,
<a href="https://w3.org/TR/sdw-bp#spatialdata">spatial data</a> must to be handled with due care. But what
<a href="https://w3.org/TR/sdw-bp#spatialdata">spatial data</a> must be handled with due care. But what
is careful, and what is careless? Let's discuss this.
</p>
</section>
Expand All @@ -131,7 +130,7 @@ <h2>Context</h2>
The use of data is accelerating, not only owing to increasing technical possibilities like AI and earth
observation, but also as a result of crises such as COVID-19 and climate change which accelerate the
deployment of data and technology. This is happening on a small and local scale, as well as on a large and
global one. Precisely because this data is potentially personal, and its use is becoming commonplace,
global one. Precisely because these data are potentially personal, and its use is becoming commonplace,
it is urgent to internalize shared principles for the responsible use of data to achieve greater common
value, better data and better products. These are preferably intrinsic principles that guarantee the safety
and privacy of people, our social values and human dignity.
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -197,7 +196,7 @@ <h2>Spatial is Special</h2>
invariant while we are interested in spatial differences.
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://w3.org/TR/sdw-bp#spatialdata">spatial data</a> is special in many regards. The regional
<a href="https://w3.org/TR/sdw-bp#spatialdata">spatial data</a> are special in many regards. The regional
variability in the examples above illustrates two competing properties of spatial phenomena. Spatial
heterogeneity as a first-order property implies that it is challenging to find observations that are
prototypical for a particular region, e.g., which county is most representative for COVID-19 transmission
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -242,7 +241,7 @@ <h2>The Nature of Spatio-Temporal Data</h2>
has become mainstream, it is the ability to place someone at a specific location at a specific time that
illustrates both the value and the potential risks of such information. It is useful to think of time an
space and two sides of a coin, an individual can be at only one location at a specific time, and vice
versa at a specific location at a particular time. In general terms if this data is abstracted or
versa at a specific location at a particular time. In general terms if these data are abstracted or
reduced in resolution both in terms of time and definition of location the information value is
decreased along with the inherent risk of exposing an individuals location.
</p>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -292,7 +291,7 @@ <h2>Use Case 2: Traffic</h2>
For the last decade or more mobile maps applications and online map tools have displayed “real time”
traffic information as different coloured roads indicating the relative speed of traffic. This speed
information often comes from anonymous contributions of speed data gathered from the sensors of
individuals' mobile phones who have opted in to share this data with application developers. The
individuals' mobile phones who have opted in to share these data with application developers. The
widespread use of turn by turn navigation which takes into account traffic congestion can
significantly reduce journey times and the resulting pollution.
</p>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -380,7 +379,7 @@ <h3>The Right to Know</h3>
<section id='right-to-be-forgotten'>
<h3>The Right to be Forgotten</h3>
<p>
The Right to be Forgotten is the right to request erasure of data. If the data has been made public, or
The Right to be Forgotten is the right to request erasure of data. If the data have been made public, or
passed onto to third parties, all reasonable measures must be taken to inform recipients that all copies
of the data originating from their disclosure must be erased.
</p>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -429,7 +428,7 @@ <h3>A Note On Legal Frameworks</h3>
<p>
It's important to note that the law outlines our minimum compliance requirements. The existing laws give
people rights, but they don't necessarily protect them. Often people are not necessarily aware that
their data is being collected and shared because that is hidden somewhere in the privacy statements and
their data are being collected and shared because that is hidden somewhere in the privacy statements and
terms and conditions of use. People rarely read these documents. Equally, people are often unaware of
their rights, and therefore ill equipped to assert the rights outlined above when they are violated.
</p>
Expand All @@ -443,7 +442,7 @@ <h3>A Note On Legal Frameworks</h3>
From an ethical standpoint, it is the responsibility of collectors and users of data to protect
individuals and groups whose data they collect and use. This includes giving them control over their
data, or to proactively meet the rights discussed above so that people can be confident that their data
is properly managed. For example, by:
are properly managed. For example, by:
</p>
<ul>
<li>giving people by default clear access to their data;</li>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -488,8 +487,8 @@ <h2>Existing Ethical Frameworks</h2>
It’s relevant to notice that at the highest level, the core values of these frameworks generally correspond.
They all recognize the importance of transparency, privacy and security, accountability, inclusiveness and
more. However, they also share the same blind spot: none of the frameworks acknowledge that <a
href="https://w3.org/TR/sdw-bp#spatialdata">spatial data</a> is special. Even though <a
href="https://w3.org/TR/sdw-bp#spatialdata">spatial data</a> is both increasingly topical and necessary,
href="https://w3.org/TR/sdw-bp#spatialdata">spatial data</a> are special. Even though <a
href="https://w3.org/TR/sdw-bp#spatialdata">spatial data</a> are both increasingly topical and necessary,
considering the speed at which it is developing.
</p>
<p>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -670,7 +669,7 @@ <h2>Design Choices</h2>
</p>
<p>
It should be clear the collection and sharing of location data are different things. There are many use
cases that might require a user's location to be obtained, but that data does not need to be stored on
cases that might require a user's location to be obtained, but the data do not need to be stored on
device or on a server after the location is used.
</p>
<p>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -737,15 +736,15 @@ <h2>Design Choices</h2>
<p>
There needs to be a really, really good reason for Ambient Location information not to be anonymous. For
most of the current popular applications where Ambient Location information is used to “sense” the
world, anonymous data is all that is required.
world, anonymous data are all that is required.
</p>
<p>
It might be that some considerable effort, as in differential privacy, must be applied to data to
maintain privacy, but there is great risk associated with linking individuals to their location.
</p>
<p>
The recent debate on different approaches to contact tracing, centralized vs. decentralized is
illustrative here. In both cases the data collected is anonymous however there is greater risk in the
illustrative here. In both cases the data collected are anonymous however there is greater risk in the
centralized model that there could be a security compromise and data “could” be identifiable at least
theoretically.
</p>
Expand All @@ -756,7 +755,7 @@ <h2>Design Choices</h2>
data.
</p>
<p>
Regardless of where Ambient Location data is stored it should be secure, encrypted both “At Rest” e.g.
Regardless of where Ambient Location data are stored it should be secure, encrypted both “At Rest” e.g.
on the device or server but also “In transit” while moving across the network between device and server.
</p>
<p class="note">
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -875,7 +874,7 @@ <h3>Security</h3>
<p>
A single location has many associated properties which can reveal valuable information, so sharing
spatial coordinates carries the inherent risk that it can be difficult to foresee the unintended
consequences of processing those related details. Even when data is completely anonymized to
consequences of processing those related details. Even when data are completely anonymized to
decouple it from an individual, unexpected information may still be revealed. For example, <a
href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-42853072">Strava published a heatmap</a> based on
<a href="https://w3.org/TR/sdw-bp#spatialdata">spatial data</a> aggregated from users of their
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -917,7 +916,7 @@ <h2>A Design Language for Location Sharing</h2>
<h3>Key Message Elements</h3>
<p>
The first message is to raise public awareness that <a
href="https://w3.org/TR/sdw-bp#spatialdata">spatial data</a> is as important and sensitive as
href="https://w3.org/TR/sdw-bp#spatialdata">spatial data</a> are as important and sensitive as
personal financial details. The public are familiar with basic financial security measures and
understand that though there are risks, online transactions can be performed easily and safely with
a few simple precautions. The same is true for using <a
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -1062,7 +1061,7 @@ <h2>Examples of Good Practice</h2>
<h3>Integrating Authorities (Australia)</h3>
<p>
Data integration is the process of combining data from multiple sources to create a unified view.
The resulting data presents new knowledge that can be applied toward achievement of social good,
The resulting data present new knowledge that can be applied toward achievement of social good,
business objectives, and personal gain. There are countless examples of data integration being used
for positive outcomes for society, including integration of health data to improve the quality of
patient centred care.
Expand Down