NAME
    Test::Class - Easily create test classes in an xUnit/JUnit style

SYNOPSIS
      package Example::Test;
      use base qw(Test::Class);
      use Test::More;

      # setup methods are run before every test method. 
      sub make_fixture : Test(setup) {
          my $array = [1, 2];
          shift->{test_array} = $array;
      };

      # a test method that runs 1 test
      sub test_push : Test {
          my $array = shift->{test_array};
          push @$array, 3;
          is_deeply($array, [1, 2, 3], 'push worked');
      };

      # a test method that runs 4 tests
      sub test_pop : Test(4) {
          my $array = shift->{test_array};
          is(pop @$array, 2, 'pop = 2');
          is(pop @$array, 1, 'pop = 1');
          is_deeply($array, [], 'array empty');
          is(pop @$array, undef, 'pop = undef');
      };

      # teardown methods are run after every test method.
      sub teardown : Test(teardown) {
          my $array = shift->{test_array};
          diag("array = (@$array) after test(s)");
      };

    later in a nearby .t file

      #! /usr/bin/perl
      use Example::Test;
      
  # run all the test methods in Example::Test
      Test::Class->runtests;

    Outputs:

      1..5
      ok 1 - pop = 2
      ok 2 - pop = 1
      ok 3 - array empty
      ok 4 - pop = undef
      # array = () after test(s)
      ok 5 - push worked
      # array = (1 2 3) after test(s)

DESCRIPTION
    Test::Class provides a simple way of creating classes and objects to
    test your code in an xUnit style.

    Built using Test::Builder it is designing to work with other
    Test::Builder based modules (Test::More, Test::Differences,
    Test::Exception, etc.)

    *Note:* This module will make more sense if you are already familiar
    with the "standard" mechanisms for testing perl code. Those unfamiliar
    with Test::Harness, Test::Simple, Test::More and friends should go take
    a look at them now. Test::Tutorial is a good starting point.

INTRODUCTION
  A brief history lesson
    In 1994 Kent Beck wrote a testing framework for Smalltalk called SUnit.
    It was popular. You can read a copy of his original paper at
    <http://www.xprogramming.com/testfram.htm>.

    Later Kent Beck and Erich Gamma created JUnit for testing Java
    <http://www.junit.org/>. It was popular too.

    Now there are xUnit frameworks for every language from Ada to XSLT. You
    can find a list at <http://www.xprogramming.com/software.htm>.

    While xUnit frameworks are traditionally associated with unit testing
    they are also useful in the creation of functional/acceptance tests.

    Test::Class is (yet another) implementation of xUnit style testing in
    perl.

  Why you should use Test::Class
    Test::Class attempts to provide simple xUnit testing that integrates
    simply with the standard perl *.t style of testing. In particular:

    *   All the advantages of xUnit testing. You can easily create test
        fixtures and isolate tests. It provides a framework that should be
        familiar to people who have used other xUnit style test systems.

    *   It is built with Test::Builder and should co-exist happily with all
        other Test::Builder based modules. This makes using test classes in
        *.t scripts, and refactoring normal tests into test classes, much
        simpler because:

        *   You do not have to learn a new set of new test APIs and can
            continue using ok(), like(), etc. from Test::More and friends.

        *   Skipping tests and todo tests are supported.

        *   You can have normal tests and Test::Class classes co-existing in
            the same *.t script. You don't have to re-write an entire
            script, but can use test classes as and when it proves useful.

    *   You can easily package your tests as classes/modules, rather than
        *.t scripts. This simplifies reuse, documentation and distribution,
        encourages refactoring, and allows tests to be extended by
        inheritance.

    *   You can have multiple setup/teardown methods. For example have one
        teardown method to clean up resources and another to check that
        class invariants still hold.

    *   It can make running tests faster. Once you have refactored your *.t
        scripts into classes they can be easily run from a single script.
        This gains you the (often considerable) start up time that each
        separate *.t script takes.

  Why you should *not* use Test::Class
    *   If your *.t scripts are working fine then don't bother with
        Test::Class. For simple test suites it is almost certainly overkill.
        Don't start thinking about using Test::Class until issues like
        duplicate code in your test scripts start to annoy.

    *   If you are distributing your code it is yet another module that the
        user has to have to run your tests (unless you distribute it with
        your test suite of course).

    *   If you are used to the TestCase/Suite/Runner class structure used by
        JUnit and similar testing frameworks you may find Test::Unit more
        familiar (but try reading "HELP FOR CONFUSED JUNIT USERS" before you
        give up).

TEST CLASSES
    A test class is just a class that inherits from Test::Class. Defining a
    test class is as simple as doing:

      package Example::Test;
      use base qw(Test::Class);

    Since Test::Class does not provide its own test functions, but uses
    those provided by Test::More and friends, you will nearly always also
    want to have:

      use Test::More;

    to import the test functions into your test class.

METHOD TYPES
    There are three different types of method you can define using
    Test::Class.

  1) Test methods
    You define test methods using the Test attribute. For example:

      package Example::Test;
      use base qw(Test::Class);
      use Test::More;

      sub subtraction : Test {
          is( 2-1, 1, 'subtraction works );
      };

    This declares the "subtraction" method as a test method that runs one
    test.

    If your test method runs more than one test, you should put the number
    of tests in brackets like this:

      sub addition : Test(2) {
          is(10 + 20, 30, 'addition works');
          is(20 + 10, 30, '  both ways');
      };

    If you don't know the number of tests at compile time you can use
    "no_plan" like this.

      sub check_class : Test(no_plan) {
          my $objects = shift->{objects};
          isa_ok($_, "Object") foreach @$objects;
      };

    or use the :Tests attribute, which acts just like ":Test" but defaults
    to "no_plan" if no number is given:

      sub check_class : Tests {
          my $objects = shift->{objects};
          isa_ok($_, "Object") foreach @$objects;
      };

  2) Setup and teardown methods
    Setup and teardown methods are run before and after every test. For
    example:

      sub before : Test(setup)    { diag("running before test") };
      sub after  : Test(teardown) { diag("running after test") };

    You can use setup and teardown methods to create common objects used by
    all of your test methods (a test *fixture*) and store them in your
    Test::Class object, treating it as a hash. For example:

      sub pig : Test(setup) {
          my $self = shift;
          $self->{test_pig} = Pig->new;
      };

      sub born_hungry : Test {
          my $pig = shift->{test_pig};
          is($pig->hungry, 'pigs are born hungry');
      };

      sub eats : Test(3) {
          my $pig = shift->{test_pig};
          ok(  $pig->feed,   'pig fed okay');
          ok(! $pig->hungry, 'fed pig not hungry');
          ok(! $pig->feed,   'cannot feed full pig');
      };

    You can also declare setup and teardown methods as running tests. For
    example you could check that the test pig survives each test method by
    doing:

      sub pig_alive : Test(teardown => 1) {
          my $pig = shift->{test_pig};
          ok($pig->alive, 'pig survived tests' );
      };

  3) Startup and shutdown methods
    Startup and shutdown methods are like setup and teardown methods for the
    whole test class. All the startup methods are run once when you start
    running a test class. All the shutdown methods are run once just before
    a test class stops running.

    You can use these to create and destroy expensive objects that you don't
    want to have to create and destroy for every test - a database
    connection for example:

      sub db_connect : Test(startup) {
          shift->{dbi} = DBI->connect;
      };
      
  sub db_disconnect : Test(shutdown) {
          shift->{dbi}->disconnect;
      };

    Just like setup and teardown methods you can pass an optional number of
    tests to startup and shutdown methods. For example:

      sub example : Test(startup => 1) {
          ok(1, 'a startup method with one test');
      };

    If a startup method has a failing test or throws an exception then all
    other tests for the current test object are ignored.

RUNNING TESTS
    You run test methods with runtests(). Doing:

      Test::Class->runtests

    runs all of the test methods in every loaded test class. This allows you
    to easily load multiple test classes in a *.t file and run them all.

      #! /usr/bin/perl
      
  # load all the test classes I want to run
      use Foo::Test;
      use Foo::Bar::Test;
      use Foo::Fribble::Test;
      use Foo::Ni::Test;
      
  # and run them all
      Test::Class->runtests;

    You can use Test::Class::Load to automatically load all the test classes
    in a given set of directories.

    If you need finer control you can create individual test objects with
    new(). For example to just run the tests in the test class
    "Foo::Bar::Test" you can do:

      Example::Test->new->runtests

    You can also pass runtests() a list of test objects to run. For example:

      my $o1 = Example::Test->new;
      my $o2 = Another::Test->new;
      # runs all the tests in $o1 and $o2
      $o1->runtests($o2);

    Since, by definition, the base Test::Class has no tests you could also
    have written:

      my $o1 = Example::Test->new;
      my $o2 = Another::Test->new;
      Test::Class->runtests($o1, $o2);

    If you pass runtests() class names it will automatically create test
    objects for you, so the above can be written more compactly as:

      Test::Class->runtests(qw( Example::Test Another::Test ))

    In all of the above examples runtests() will look at the number of tests
    both test classes run and output an appropriate test header for
    Test::Harness automatically.

    What happens if you run test classes and normal tests in the same
    script? For example:

      Test::Class->runtests;
      ok(Example->new->foo, 'a test not in the test class');
      ok(Example->new->bar, 'ditto');

    Test::Harness will complain that it saw more tests than it expected
    since the test header output by runtests() will not include the two
    normal tests.

    To overcome this problem you can pass an integer value to runtests().
    This is added to the total number of tests in the test header. So the
    problematic example can be rewritten as follows:

      Test::Class->runtests(+2);
      ok(Example->new->foo, 'a test not in the test class');
      ok(Example->new->bar, 'ditto');

    If you prefer to write your test plan explicitly you can use
    expected_tests() to find out the number of tests a class/object is
    expected to run.

    Since runtests() will not output a test plan if one has already been set
    the previous example can be written as:

      plan tests => Test::Class->expected_tests(+2);
      Test::Class->runtests;
      ok(Example->new->foo, 'a test not in the test class');
      ok(Example->new->bar, 'ditto');

    *Remember:* Test objects are just normal perl objects. Test classes are
    just normal perl classes. Setup, test and teardown methods are just
    normal methods. You are completely free to have other methods in your
    class that are called from your test methods, or have object specific
    "new" and "DESTROY" methods.

    In particular you can override the new() method to pass parameters to
    your test object, or re-define the number of tests a method will run.
    See num_method_tests() for an example.

TEST DESCRIPTIONS
    The test functions you import from Test::More and other Test::Builder
    based modules usually take an optional third argument that specifies the
    test description, for example:

      is $something, $something_else, 'a description of my test';

    If you do not supply a test description, and the test function does not
    supply its own default, then Test::Class will use the name of the
    currently running test method, replacing all "_" characters with spaces
    so:

      sub one_plus_one_is_two : Test {
          is 1+1, 2;
      }

    will result in:

      ok 1 - one plus one is two

RUNNING ORDER OF METHODS
    Methods of each type are run in the following order:

    1.  All of the startup methods in alphabetical order

    2.  For each test method, in alphabetical order:

        * All of the setup methods in alphabetical order

        * The test method.

        * All of the teardown methods in alphabetical order

    3.  All of the shutdown methods in alphabetical order.

    Most of the time you should not care what order tests are run in, but it
    can occasionally be useful to force some test methods to be run early.
    For example:

      sub _check_new {
          my $self = shift;
          isa_ok(Object->new, "Object") or $self->BAILOUT('new fails!');
      };

    The leading "_" will force the above method to run first - allowing the
    entire suite to be aborted before any other test methods run.

HANDLING EXCEPTIONS
    If a startup, setup, test, teardown or shutdown method dies then
    runtests() will catch the exception and fail any remaining test. For
    example:

      sub test_object : Test(2) {
          my $object = Object->new;
          isa_ok( $object, "Object" ) or die "could not create object\n";
          ok( $object->open, "open worked" );
      };

    will produce the following if the first test failed:

      not ok 1 - The object isa Object
      #   Failed test 'The object isa Object'
      #   at /Users/adrianh/Desktop/foo.pl line 14.
      #   (in MyTest->test_object)
      #     The object isn't defined
      not ok 2 - test_object died (could not create object)
      #   Failed test 'test_object died (could not create object)'
      #   at /Users/adrianh/Desktop/foo.pl line 19.
      #   (in MyTest->test_object)

    This can considerably simplify testing code that throws exceptions.

    Rather than having to explicitly check that the code exited normally
    (e.g. with "lives_ok" in Test::Exception) the test will fail
    automatically - without aborting the other test methods. For example
    contrast:

      use Test::Exception;

      my $file;
      lives_ok { $file = read_file('test.txt') } 'file read';
      is($file, "content", 'test file read');

    with:

      sub read_file : Test {
          is(read_file('test.txt'), "content", 'test file read');
      };

    If more than one test remains after an exception then the first one is
    failed, and the remaining ones are skipped.

    Startup methods are a special case. Since startup methods will usually
    be creating state needed by all the other test methods an exception
    within a startup method will prevent all other test methods running.

SKIPPED TESTS
    You can skip the rest of the tests in a method by returning from the
    method before all the test have finished running. The value returned is
    used as the reason for the tests being skipped.

    This makes managing tests that can be skipped for multiple reasons very
    simple. For example:

      sub flying_pigs : Test(5) {
          my $pig = Pig->new;
          isa_ok($pig, 'Pig')           or return("cannot breed pigs")
          can_ok($pig, 'takeoff')       or return("pigs don't fly here");
          ok($pig->takeoff, 'takeoff')  or return("takeoff failed");
          ok( $pig->altitude > 0, 'Pig is airborne' );
          ok( $pig->airspeed > 0, '  and moving'    );
      };

    If you run this test in an environment where "Pig->new" worked and the
    takeoff method existed, but failed when ran, you would get:

      ok 1 - The object isa Pig
      ok 2 - can takeoff
      not ok 3 - takeoff
      ok 4 # skip takeoff failed
      ok 5 # skip takeoff failed

    You can also skip tests just as you do in Test::More or Test::Builder -
    see "Conditional tests" in Test::More for more information.

    *Note:* if you want to skip tests in a method with "no_plan" tests then
    you have to explicitly skip the tests in the method - since Test::Class
    cannot determine how many tests (if any) should be skipped:

      sub test_objects : Tests {
          my $self = shift;
          my $objects = $self->{objects};
          if (@$objects) {
              isa_ok($_, "Object") foreach (@$objects);
          } else {
              $self->builder->skip("no objects to test");
          };
      };

    Another way of overcoming this problem is to explicitly set the number
    of tests for the method at run time using num_method_tests() or
    "num_tests".

    You can make a test class skip all of its tests by setting SKIP_CLASS()
    before runtests() is called.

TO DO TESTS
    You can create todo tests just as you do in Test::More and Test::Builder
    using the $TODO variable. For example:

      sub live_test : Test  {
          local $TODO = "live currently unimplemented";
          ok(Object->live, "object live");
      };

    See "Todo tests" in Test::Harness for more information.

EXTENDING TEST CLASSES BY INHERITANCE
    You can extend test methods by inheritance in the usual way. For example
    consider the following test class for a "Pig" object.

      package Pig::Test;
      use base qw(Test::Class);
      use Test::More;

      sub testing_class { "Pig" };
      sub new_args { (-age => 3) };

      sub setup : Test(setup) {
          my $self = shift;
          my $class = $self->testing_class;
          my @args = $self->new_args;
          $self->{pig} = $class->new( @args );
      };

      sub _creation : Test {
          my $self = shift;
          isa_ok($self->{pig}, $self->testing_class) 
                  or $self->FAIL_ALL('Pig->new failed');
      };

      sub check_fields : Test {
          my $pig = shift->{pig};
          is($pig->age, 3, "age accessed");
      };

    Next consider "NamedPig" a subclass of "Pig" where you can give your pig
    a name.

    We want to make sure that all the tests for the "Pig" object still work
    for "NamedPig". We can do this by subclassing "Pig::Test" and overriding
    the "testing_class" and "new_args" methods.

      package NamedPig::Test;
      use base qw(Pig::Test);
      use Test::More;

      sub testing_class { "NamedPig" };
      sub new_args { (shift->SUPER::new_args, -name => 'Porky') };

    Now we need to test the name method. We could write another test method,
    but we also have the option of extending the existing "check_fields"
    method.

      sub check_fields : Test(2) {
          my $self = shift;
          $self->SUPER::check_fields;   
          is($self->{pig}->name, 'Porky', 'name accessed');
      };

    While the above works, the total number of tests for the method is
    dependent on the number of tests in its "SUPER::check_fields". If we add
    a test to "Pig::Test->check_fields" we will also have to update the
    number of tests of "NamedPig::test->check_fields".

    Test::Class allows us to state explicitly that we are adding tests to an
    existing method by using the "+" prefix. Since we are adding a single
    test to "check_fields" it can be rewritten as:

      sub check_fields : Test(+1) {
          my $self = shift;
          $self->SUPER::check_fields;
          is($self->{pig}->name, 'Porky', 'name accessed');
      };

    With the above definition you can add tests to "check_fields" in
    "Pig::Test" without affecting "NamedPig::Test".

RUNNING INDIVIDUAL TESTS
    NOTE: The exact mechanism for running individual tests is likely to
    change in the future.

    Sometimes you just want to run a single test. Commenting out other tests
    or writing code to skip them can be a hassle, so you can specify the
    "TEST_METHOD" environment variable. The value is expected to be a valid
    regular expression and, if present, only runs test methods whose names
    match the regular expression. Startup, setup, teardown and shutdown
    tests will still be run.

    One easy way of doing this is by specifying the environment variable
    *before* the "runtests" method is called.

    Running a test named "customer_profile":

     #! /usr/bin/perl
     use Example::Test;
          
 $ENV{TEST_METHOD} = 'customer_profile';
     Test::Class->runtests;

    Running all tests with "customer" in their name:

     #! /usr/bin/perl
     use Example::Test;
          
 $ENV{TEST_METHOD} = '.*customer.*';
     Test::Class->runtests;

    If you specify an invalid regular expression, your tests will not be
    run:

     #! /usr/bin/perl
     use Example::Test;
          
 $ENV{TEST_METHOD} = 'C++';
     Test::Class->runtests;

    And when you run it:

     TEST_METHOD (C++) is not a valid regular expression: Search pattern \
     not terminated at (eval 17) line 1.

ORGANISING YOUR TEST CLASSES
    You can, of course, organise your test modules as you wish. My personal
    preferences is:

    *   Name test classes with a suffix of "::Test" so the test class for
        the "Foo::Bar" module would be "Foo::Bar::Test".

    *   Place all test classes in t/lib.

    The Test::Class::Load provides a simple mechanism for easily loading all
    of the test classes in a given set of directories.

A NOTE ON LOADING TEST CLASSES
    Due to its use of subroutine attributes Test::Class based modules must
    be loaded at compile rather than run time. This is because the :Test
    attribute is applied by a CHECK block.

    This can be problematic if you want to dynamically load Test::Class
    modules. Basically while:

      require $some_test_class;

    will break, doing:

      BEGIN { require $some_test_class };

    will work just fine. For more information on CHECK blocks see "BEGIN,
    CHECK, INIT and END" in perlmod.

METHODS
  Creating and running tests
    Test
          # test methods
          sub method_name : Test { ... };
          sub method_name : Test(N) { ... };

          # setup methods
          sub method_name : Test(setup) { ... };
          sub method_name : Test(setup => N) { ... };

          # teardown methods
          sub method_name : Test(teardown) { ... };
          sub method_name : Test(teardown => N) { ... };

          # startup methods
          sub method_name : Test(startup) { ... };
          sub method_name : Test(startup => N) { ... };

          # shutdown methods
          sub method_name : Test(shutdown) { ... };
          sub method_name : Test(shutdown => N) { ... };

        Marks a startup, setup, test, teardown or shutdown method. See
        runtests() for information on how to run methods declared with the
        "Test" attribute.

        N specifies the number of tests the method runs.

        *   If N is an integer then the method should run exactly N tests.

        *   If N is an integer with a "+" prefix then the method is expected
            to call its "SUPER::" method and extend it by running N
            additional tests.

        *   If N is the string "no_plan" then the method can run an
            arbitrary number of tests.

        If N is not specified it defaults to 1 for test methods, and 0 for
        startup, setup, teardown and shutdown methods.

        You can change the number of tests that a method runs using
        num_method_tests() or num_tests().

    Tests
          sub method_name : Tests { ... };
          sub method_name : Tests(N) { ... };

        Acts just like the ":Test" attribute, except that if the number of
        tests is not specified it defaults to "no_plan". So the following
        are equivalent:

          sub silly1 :Test( no_plan ) { ok(1) foreach (1 .. rand 5) };
          sub silly2 :Tests           { ok(1) foreach (1 .. rand 5) };

    new
          $Tests = CLASS->new(KEY => VAL ...)
          $Tests2 = $Tests->new(KEY => VAL ...)

        Creates a new test object (blessed hashref) containing the specified
        key/value pairs.

        If called as an object method the existing object's key/value pairs
        are copied into the new object. Any key/value pairs passed to "new"
        override those in the original object if duplicates occur.

        Since the test object is passed to every test method as it runs it
        is a convenient place to store test fixtures. For example:

          sub make_fixture : Test(setup) {
              my $self = shift;
              $self->{object} = Object->new();
              $self->{dbh} = Mock::DBI->new(-type => normal);
          };

          sub test_open : Test {
              my $self = shift;
              my ($o, $dbh) = ($self->{object}, $self->{dbh});
              ok($o->open($dbh), "opened ok");
          };

        See num_method_tests() for an example of overriding "new".

    expected_tests
          $n = $Tests->expected_tests
          $n = CLASS->expected_tests
          $n = $Tests->expected_tests(TEST, ...)
          $n = CLASS->expected_tests(TEST, ...)

        Returns the total number of tests that runtests() will run on the
        specified class/object. This includes tests run by any setup and
        teardown methods.

        Will return "no_plan" if the exact number of tests is undetermined
        (i.e. if any setup, test or teardown method has an undetermined
        number of tests).

        The "expected_tests" of an object after runtests() has been executed
        will include any run time changes to the expected number of tests
        made by num_tests() or num_method_tests().

        "expected_tests" can also take an optional list of test objects,
        test classes and integers. In this case the result is the total
        number of expected tests for all the test/object classes (including
        the one the method was applied to) plus any integer values.

        "expected_tests" is useful when you're integrating one or more test
        classes into a more traditional test script, for example:

          use Test::More;
          use My::Test::Class;

          plan tests => My::Test::Class->expected_tests(+2);

          ok(whatever, 'a test');
          ok(whatever, 'another test');
          My::Test::Class->runtests;

    runtests
          $allok = $Tests->runtests
          $allok = CLASS->runtests
          $allok = $Tests->runtests(TEST, ...)
          $allok = CLASS->runtests(TEST, ...)

        "runtests" is used to run test classes. At its most basic doing:

          $test->runtests

        will run the test methods of the test object $test, unless
        "$test->SKIP_CLASS" returns a true value.

        Unless you have already specified a test plan using Test::Builder
        (or Test::More, et al) "runtests" will set the test plan just before
        the first method that runs a test is executed.

        If the environment variable "TEST_VERBOSE" is set "runtests" will
        display the name of each test method before it runs like this:

          # My::Test::Class->my_test
          ok 1 - fribble
          # My::Test::Class->another_test
          ok 2 - bar

        Just like expected_tests(), "runtests" can take an optional list of
        test object/classes and integers. All of the test object/classes are
        run. Any integers are added to the total number of tests shown in
        the test header output by "runtests".

        For example, you can run all the tests in test classes A, B and C,
        plus one additional normal test by doing:

            Test::Class->runtests(qw(A B C), +1);
            ok(1==1, 'non class test');

        Finally, if you call "runtests" on a test class without any
        arguments it will run all of the test methods of that class, and all
        subclasses of that class. For example:

          #! /usr/bin/perl
          # Test all the Foo stuff
          
  use Foo::Test;
          use Foo::Bar::Test;
          use Foo::Ni::Test;
          
  # run all the Foo*Test modules we just loaded
          Test::Class->runtests;

    SKIP_CLASS
          $reason = CLASS->SKIP_CLASS;
          CLASS->SKIP_CLASS( $reason );

        Determines whether the test class CLASS should run it's tests. If
        SKIP_CLASS returns a true value then runtests() will not run any of
        the test methods in CLASS.

        You can override the default on a class-by-class basis by supplying
        a new value to SKIP_CLASS. For example if you have an abstract base
        class that should not run just add the following to your module:

          My::Abstract::Test->SKIP_CLASS( 1 );

        This will not affect any sub-classes of "My::Abstract::Test" which
        will run as normal.

        If the true value returned by SKIP_CLASS is anything other than "1"
        then a skip test is output using this value as the skip message. For
        example:

          My::Postgres::Test->SKIP_CLASS(
              $ENV{POSTGRES_HOME} ? 0 : '$POSTGRES_HOME needs to be set'
          );

        will output something like this if "POSTGRES_HOME" is not set

                ... other tests ...
                ok 123 # skip My::Postgres::Test  - $POSTGRES_HOME needs to be set
                ... more tests ...

        You can also override SKIP_CLASS for a class hierarchy. For example,
        to prevent any subclasses of My::Postgres::Test running we could
        override SKIP_CLASS like this:

          sub My::Postgres::Test::SKIP_CLASS {
              $ENV{POSTGRES_HOME} ? 0 : '$POSTGRES_HOME needs to be set'
          };

  Fetching and setting a method's test number
    num_method_tests
          $n = $Tests->num_method_tests($method_name)
          $Tests->num_method_tests($method_name, $n)
          $n = CLASS->num_method_tests($method_name)
          CLASS->num_method_tests($method_name, $n)

        Fetch or set the number of tests that the named method is expected
        to run.

        If the method has an undetermined number of tests then $n should be
        the string "no_plan".

        If the method is extending the number of tests run by the method in
        a superclass then $n should have a "+" prefix.

        When called as a class method any change to the expected number of
        tests applies to all future test objects. Existing test objects are
        unaffected.

        When called as an object method any change to the expected number of
        tests applies to that object alone.

        "num_method_tests" is useful when you need to set the expected
        number of tests at object creation time, rather than at compile
        time.

        For example, the following test class will run a different number of
        tests depending on the number of objects supplied.

          package Object::Test; 
          use base qw(Test::Class);
          use Test::More;

          sub new {
              my $class = shift;
              my $self = $class->SUPER::new(@_);
              my $num_objects = @{$self->{objects}};
              $self->num_method_tests('test_objects', $num_objects);
              return($self);
          };

          sub test_objects : Tests {
            my $self = shift;
            ok($_->open, "opened $_") foreach @{$self->{objects}};
          };
          ...
          # This runs two tests
          Object::Test->new(objects => [$o1, $o2]);

        The advantage of setting the number of tests at object creation
        time, rather than using a test method without a plan, is that the
        number of expected tests can be determined before testing begins.
        This allows better diagnostics from runtests(), Test::Builder and
        Test::Harness.

        "num_method_tests" is a protected method and can only be called by
        subclasses of Test::Class. It fetches or sets the expected number of
        tests for the methods of the class it was *called in*, not the
        methods of the object/class it was *applied to*. This allows test
        classes that use "num_method_tests" to be subclassed easily.

        For example, consider the creation of a subclass of Object::Test
        that ensures that all the opened objects are read-only:

          package Special::Object::Test;
          use base qw(Object::Test);
          use Test::More;

          sub test_objects : Test(+1) {
              my $self = shift;
              $self->SUPER::test_objects;
              my @bad_objects = grep {! $_->read_only} (@{$self->{objects}});
              ok(@bad_objects == 0, "all objects read only");
          };
          ...
          # This runs three tests
          Special::Object::Test->new(objects => [$o1, $o2]);

        Since the call to "num_method_tests" in Object::Test only affects
        the "test_objects" of Object::Test, the above works as you would
        expect.

    num_tests
          $n = $Tests->num_tests
          $Tests->num_tests($n)
          $n = CLASS->num_tests
          CLASS->num_tests($n)

        Set or return the number of expected tests associated with the
        currently running test method. This is the same as calling
        num_method_tests() with a method name of current_method().

        For example:

          sub txt_files_readable : Tests {
              my $self = shift;
              my @files = <*.txt>;
              $self->num_tests(scalar(@files));
              ok(-r $_, "$_ readable") foreach (@files);
          };

        Setting the number of expected tests at run time, rather than just
        having a "no_plan" test method, allows runtests() to display
        appropriate diagnostic messages if the method runs a different
        number of tests.

  Support methods
    builder
          $Tests->builder

        Returns the underlying Test::Builder object that Test::Class uses.
        For example:

          sub test_close : Test {
              my $self = shift;
              my ($o, $dbh) = ($self->{object}, $self->{dbh});
              $self->builder->ok($o->close($dbh), "closed ok");
          };

    current_method
          $method_name = $Tests->current_method
          $method_name = CLASS->current_method

        Returns the name of the test method currently being executed by
        runtests(), or "undef" if runtests() has not been called.

        The method name is also available in the setup and teardown methods
        that run before and after the test method. This can be useful in
        producing diagnostic messages, for example:

          sub test_invarient : Test(teardown => 1) {
              my $self = shift;
              my $m = $self->current_method;
              ok($self->invarient_ok, "class okay after $m");
          };

    BAILOUT
          $Tests->BAILOUT($reason)
          CLASS->BAILOUT($reason)

        Things are going so badly all testing should terminate, including
        running any additional test scripts invoked by Test::Harness. This
        is exactly the same as doing:

          $self->builder->BAILOUT

        See "BAILOUT" in Test::Builder for details. Any teardown and
        shutdown methods are *not* run.

    FAIL_ALL
          $Tests->FAIL_ALL($reason)
          CLASS->FAIL_ALL($reason)

        Things are going so badly all the remaining tests in the current
        script should fail. Exits immediately with the number of tests
        failed, or 254 if more than 254 tests were run. Any teardown methods
        are *not* run.

        This does not affect the running of any other test scripts invoked
        by Test::Harness.

        For example, if all your tests rely on the ability to create objects
        then you might want something like this as an early test:

          sub _test_new : Test(3) {
              my $self = shift;
              isa_ok(Object->new, "Object") 
                  || $self->FAIL_ALL('cannot create Objects');
              ...
          };

    SKIP_ALL
          $Tests->SKIP_ALL($reason)
          CLASS->SKIP_ALL($reason)

        Things are going so badly all the remaining tests in the current
        script should be skipped. Exits immediately with 0 - teardown
        methods are *not* run.

        This does not affect the running of any other test scripts invoked
        by Test::Harness.

        For example, if you had a test script that only applied to the
        darwin OS you could write:

          sub _darwin_only : Test(setup) {
              my $self = shift;
              $self->SKIP_ALL("darwin only") unless $^O eq "darwin";    
          };

HELP FOR CONFUSED JUNIT USERS
    This section is for people who have used JUnit (or similar) and are
    confused because they don't see the TestCase/Suite/Runner class
    framework they were expecting. Here we take each of the major classes in
    JUnit and compare them with their equivalent Perl testing modules.

    Class Assert
        The test assertions provided by Assert correspond to the test
        functions provided by the Test::Builder based modules (Test::More,
        Test::Exception, Test::Differences, etc.)

        Unlike JUnit the test functions supplied by Test::More et al do
        *not* throw exceptions on failure. They just report the failure to
        STDOUT where it is collected by Test::Harness. This means that where
        you have

          sub foo : Test(2) {
              ok($foo->method1);
              ok($foo->method2);
          };

        The second test *will* run if the first one fails. You can emulate
        the JUnit way of doing it by throwing an explicit exception on test
        failure:

          sub foo : Test(2) {
              ok($foo->method1) or die "method1 failed";
              ok($foo->method2);
          };

        The exception will be caught by Test::Class and the other test
        automatically failed.

    Class TestCase
        Test::Class corresponds to TestCase in JUnit.

        In Test::Class setup, test and teardown methods are marked
        explicitly using the Test attribute. Since we need to know the total
        number of tests to provide a test plan for Test::Harness we also
        state how many tests each method runs.

        Unlike JUnit you can have multiple setup/teardown methods in a
        class.

    Class TestSuite
        Test::Class also does the work that would be done by TestSuite in
        JUnit.

        Since the methods are marked with attributes Test::Class knows what
        is and isn't a test method. This allows it to run all the test
        methods without having the developer create a suite manually, or use
        reflection to dynamically determine the test methods by name. See
        the runtests() method for more details.

        The running order of the test methods is fixed in Test::Class.
        Methods are executed in alphabetical order.

        Unlike JUnit, Test::Class currently does not allow you to run
        individual test methods.

    Class TestRunner
        Test::Harness does the work of the TestRunner in JUnit. It collects
        the test results (sent to STDOUT) and collates the results.

        Unlike JUnit there is no distinction made by Test::Harness between
        errors and failures. However, it does support skipped and todo test
        - which JUnit does not.

        If you want to write your own test runners you should look at
        Test::Harness::Straps.

OTHER MODULES FOR XUNIT TESTING IN PERL
    In addition to Test::Class there are two other distributions for xUnit
    testing in perl. Both have a longer history than Test::Class and might
    be more suitable for your needs.

    I am biased since I wrote Test::Class - so please read the following
    with appropriate levels of scepticism. If you think I have
    misrepresented the modules please let me know.

    Test::SimpleUnit
        A very simple unit testing framework. If you are looking for a
        lightweight single module solution this might be for you.

        The advantage of Test::SimpleUnit is that it is simple! Just one
        module with a smallish API to learn.

        Of course this is also the disadvantage.

        It's not class based so you cannot create testing classes to reuse
        and extend.

        It doesn't use Test::Builder so it's difficult to extend or
        integrate with other testing modules. If you are already familiar
        with Test::Builder, Test::More and friends you will have to learn a
        new test assertion API. It does not support todo tests.

    Test::Unit
        Test::Unit is a port of JUnit <http://www.junit.org/> into perl. If
        you have used JUnit then the Test::Unit framework should be very
        familiar.

        It is class based so you can easily reuse your test classes and
        extend by subclassing. You get a nice flexible framework you can
        tweak to your heart's content. If you can run Tk you also get a
        graphical test runner.

        However, Test::Unit is not based on Test::Builder. You cannot easily
        move Test::Builder based test functions into Test::Unit based
        classes. You have to learn another test assertion API.

        Test::Unit implements it's own testing framework separate from
        Test::Harness. You can retrofit *.t scripts as unit tests, and
        output test results in the format that Test::Harness expects, but
        things like todo tests and skipping tests are not supported.

BUGS
    None known at the time of writing.

    If you find any bugs please let me know by e-mail at
    <adrianh@quietstars.com>, or report the problem with
    <http://rt.cpan.org/NoAuth/Bugs.html?Dist=Test-Class>.

COMMUNITY
  perl-qa
    If you are interested in testing using Perl I recommend you visit
    <http://qa.perl.org/> and join the excellent perl-qa mailing list. See
    <http://lists.perl.org/showlist.cgi?name=perl-qa> for details on how to
    subscribe.

  perlmonks
    You can find users of Test::Class, including the module author, on
    <http://www.perlmonks.org/>. Feel free to ask questions on Test::Class
    there.

  CPAN::Forum
    The CPAN Forum is a web forum for discussing Perl's CPAN modules. The
    Test::Class forum can be found at
    <http://www.cpanforum.com/dist/Test-Class>.

TO DO
    If you think this module should do something that it doesn't (or does
    something that it shouldn't) please let me know.

    You can see my current to do list at
    <http://adrianh.tadalist.com/lists/public/4798>, with an RSS feed of
    changes at <http://adrianh.tadalist.com/lists/feed_public/4798>.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    This is yet another implementation of the ideas from Kent Beck's Testing
    Framework paper <http://www.xprogramming.com/testfram.htm>.

    Thanks to Adam Kennedy, agianni, Apocalypse, Ask Bjorn Hansen, Chris
    Dolan, Chris Williams, Corion, Cosimo Streppone, Daniel Berger, Dave
    O'Neill, David Cantrell, David Wheeler, Emil Jansson, Gunnar Wolf, Hai
    Pham, Hynek, imacat, Jeff Deifik, Jim Brandt, Jochen Stenzel, Johan
    Lindstrom, John West, Jonathan R. Warden, Joshua ben Jore, Jost Krieger,
    Kenichi Ishigaki Lee Goddard, Mark Reynolds, Mark Stosberg, Martin
    Ferrari, Mathieu Sauve-Frankel, Matt Trout, Matt Williamson, Michael G
    Schwern, Murat Uenalan, Nicholas Clark, Ovid, Piers Cawley, Rob Kinyon,
    Scott Lanning, Sebastien Aperghis-Tramoni, Steve Kirkup, Stray Toaster,
    Ted Carnahan, Terrence Brannon, Tom Metro, Tony Bowden, Tony Edwardson,
    William McKee, various anonymous folk and all the fine people on perl-qa
    for their feedback, patches, suggestions and nagging.

    This module wouldn't be possible without the excellent Test::Builder.
    Thanks to chromatic and Michael G Schwern for creating such a useful
    module.

AUTHOR
    Adrian Howard <adrianh@quietstars.com>

    If you use this module, and can spare the time please drop me an e-mail
    or rate it at
    <http://cpanratings.perl.org/rate/?distribution=Test-Class>.

SEE ALSO
    Test::Class::Load
        Simple way to load "Test::Class" classes automatically.

    <http://del.icio.us/tag/Test::Class>
        Delicious links on Test::Class.

    Perl Testing: A Developer's Notebook by Ian Langworth and chromatic
        Chapter 8 covers using Test::Class.

    Advanced Perl Programming, second edition by Simon Cozens
        Chapter 8 has a few pages on using Test::Class.

    The Perl Journal, April 2003
        Includes the article "Test-Driven Development in Perl" by Piers
        Cawley that uses Test::Class.

    Test::Builder
        Support module for building test libraries.

    Test::Simple & Test::More
        Basic utilities for writing tests.

    <http://qa.perl.org/test-modules.html>
        Overview of some of the many testing modules available on CPAN.

    <http://del.icio.us/tag/perl+testing>
        Delicious links on perl testing.

    Test::Object
        Another approach to object oriented testing.

    Test::Group and Test::Block
        Alternatives to grouping sets of tests together.

    The following modules use Test::Class as part of their test suite. You
    might want to look at them for usage examples:

        Aspect, Bricolage (<http://www.bricolage.cc/>),
        Class::StorageFactory, CGI::Application::Search, DBIx::Romani,
        Xmldoom, Object::Relational, File::Random,
        Geography::JapanesePrefectures, Google::Adwords, Merge::HashRef,
        PerlBuildSystem, Pixie, Yahoo::Marketing, and XUL-Node

    The following modules are not based on Test::Builder, but may be of
    interest as alternatives to Test::Class.

    Test::Unit
        Perl unit testing framework closely modeled on JUnit.

    Test::SimpleUnit
        A very simple unit testing framework.

LICENCE
    Copyright 2002-2007 Adrian Howard, All Rights Reserved.

    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
    under the same terms as Perl itself.