minimal_printf: Fix high level C functions that print to the console

[hugueskamba]

Description

Ensure the file descriptor stdout is passed to fputc when the high
level C functions to print to the console are referenced.
This issue fixed only affected binaries built with the ARM toolchain.

To reproduce the bug.

1. Build mbed-os-example-blinky and program your target with the following command

$ mbed compile -t ARM -m <TARGET> --profile develop --profile mbed-os/tools/profile/extension/minimal_printf.json -f

2. Open a terminal to view the serial output of the target. It should display an incorrect out similar to:

=============================== SYSTEM INFO ================================
Parameter err� 

With the fix the output is similar to:

=============================== SYSTEM INFO  ================================
Mbed OS Version: 999999 
CPU ID: 0x410fc241 
Compiler ID: 2 
Compiler Version: 80200 
RAM0: Start 0x20000000 Size: 0x30000 
RAM1: Start 0x1fff0000 Size: 0x10000 
ROM0: Start 0x0 Size: 0x100000 
================= CPU STATS =================
Idle: 4%% Usage: 96%% 
================ HEAP STATS =================
Current heap: 1216
Max heap size: 1216
================ THREAD STATS ===============
ID: 0x20000e50 
Name: main 
State: 2 
Priority: 24 
Stack Size: 4096 
Stack Space: 3476 
ID: 0x20000fa0 
Name: rtx_idle 
State: 1 
Priority: 1 
Stack Size: 512 
Stack Space: 272 
ID: 0x20000f5c 
Name: rtx_timer 
State: 3 
Priority: 40 
Stack Size: 768 
Stack Space: 664 

Pull request type

[x] Fix
[ ] Refactor
[ ] Target update
[ ] Functionality change
[ ] Docs update
[ ] Test update
[ ] Breaking change

Reviewers

@evedon @kjbracey-arm

Release Notes

[0xc0170]

CI started

[mbed-ci]

Test run: SUCCESS

Summary: 11 of 11 test jobs passed
Build number : 1
Build artifacts

[0xc0170]

I restarted Travis