Experiment 1st: common commands in Linux

group 6

Purpose of the experiment

• Be familiar with the use of VirtualBox virtual machines.

• Be familiar with the Ubuntu operating system.

• Master the commonly used Linux commands.

Experimental equipment

• Hardware:PC machine.

• Software:VietualBox virtual machine and Ubuntu operating system.

Experiment pre-study requirements

• Read Section 1.3 about the installation and use of Linux.

• Read Section 1.5 Linux Common Operation Commands.

Experimental content

• The use of virtual machine-based Linux operating system.

• The use of commands related to files and directories.

• Use of disk management and maintenance commands.

• The use of system management and setting commands.

• The use of network-related commands.

• The use of compressed backup commands.

Experimental Procedure

• Use of the Linux operating system based on virtual machines

1.Start VirtualBox application, start Windows, select "Start - program -VistualBox", pop up the interface as shown in the picture, and click "Start" to run the Linux operating system.

2.After starting the system, you need to enter the user name and password, as shown in the figure. Enter the password here.

3.Start the terminal, after successfully entering the system, select "Application - Terminal" as shown in the figure.

4.Execute the Linux command in the terminal, after the terminal runs, you can enter the Linux command here, and press the enter key to execute, as shown in the figure.

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A related video demonstration can be viewed at assets/5.1/shipin.mp4

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• Use of commands related to files and directories

1 .Query the /bin directory and see what commonly used command files are in the directory:

ll/bin

2 .Enter the /tmp directory and create a new directory myshare:

cd / tmp

mkdir Myshare

Is - ld myshare/

3 .Use the pwd command to view the current directory:

pwd

4 Create a new testfile file:

Touch test file

Is-Id myshare/

5 Set the permission mode of the file:

Chmod 755 testfile

Is -I testfile

6 Back up the file to the /tmp/myshare directory and change it to testfile.bak:

Cp testfile myshare/testfile. bak

Is -I myshare/

7 Create a symbolic connection for the file in the /root directory:

In -s/ tmp/testfile /root/testfile. ln

Is -I /root/testfile. In

8 Search for the lines containing the initdefault string in the inittab file:

Cat /etc/inittab |grepinitdefault

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A related video demonstration can be viewed at assets/5.2/shipin.mp4

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• Use of commands related to Disk Management and maintenance

Steps for using CD-ROM under Linux

Confirm the device file corresponding to the optical drive

11 /dev/cdrom

Mount CD-ROM

mount-t iso9660 /dev/cdrom testdir

Query the directory hanging behind

11/media/cdrom

umount testdir

umount /dev/cdrom

The use of USB devices under Linux

Mount the USB flash drive and look at the disk recognized by the system.

cat /proc/partitions

Create a mount point

mkdir /mnt/usb

mount -t vfat -o codepage =936,iocharset=gb2312 /dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb

Uninstall the USB flash drive

umount /mnt/usb

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A related video demonstration can be viewed at assets/5.3/shipin.mp4

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• Use of system administration and setting commands

1.View all processes in the system

ps -ef

2.Find the process ID number of the ssh service daemon

ps -ef | grep sshd

3.If there is a problem with the ssh service daemon process, the process is forcibly killed

kill - 9

4.System shutdown

shutdown

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A related video demonstration can be viewed at assets/5.4/shipin.mp4

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• Use of network-related commands

1. Displays information about the current network

Run the following command

ifconfig

The information of the current network can be displayed, and the operation result is shown in the figure

If the prompt as shown in the figure appears, you can run the command shown in the diagram to install the package and try again

sudo apt install net-tools

2. Set the IP address

Run the following command

ifconfig ens33 192.168.1.10

You can set the IP address of ens33 to 192.168.1.10

If the following prompts appear

you can add sudo before the command to elevate the privilege, that is, run

sudo ifconfig ens33 192.168.1.10

After operation, the IP change is observable

3. Set the subnet mask

Run the following command

ifconfig ens33 netmusk 255.255.255.0

You can set the subnet musk of ens33 to 255.255.255.0

After operation, the subnet mask change is observable

4. Disable the NIC

Run the following command

ifconfig ens33 down

It can be observed that the NIC ens33 has been disabled

5. Test network connectivity

Run the command

ping 127.0.0.1

The result is as follows

This indicates that the local network loop is normal

6. Enable the NIC

Run the command

ifconfig ens33 up

It can be observed that the NIC ens33 is enabled

7. Displays the kernel routing table

Run the following command

netstat -r

The kernel routing table is displayed

The result is shown in the figure

8. Displays the TCP connection status

Run the following command

netstat -t

The TCP connection status is displayed

The result is shown in the figure

9. Displays the UDP connection status

Run the following command

netstat -u

The UDP connection status is displayed

The result is shown in the figure

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A related video demonstration can be viewed at assets/5.5/shipin.mp4

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• Use of the Compress Backup command

① Pack the/tmp directory into tmp.tar and place it in the/root directory.

tar cf /root/tmp.tar /tmp/*

② Compress and package the/tmp directory into tmp.tar.gz, and place it in the/root directory:

tar zcvf /root/tmp.tar.gz /tmp/*

③ Compare tmp.tar and tmp.tar.gz size:

1s -1 /root/tmp.tar /root/tmp.tar.gz

④ Do not unpack, only view the contents of the compressed file tmp.tar.gz:

tar ztf /root/tmp.tar.gz

⑤ Extract the contents of tmp.tar.gz to the/tmp/myshare directory:

tar zxvf /root/tmp.tar.gz -C /tmp/myshare/

⑥ Compress each file in the/tmp directory into. gz format:

gzip *

⑦ List the information of each. gz compressed file in detail, without decompression:

gzip-1 *

⑧ Extract each compressed. gz file and provide detailed information:

gzip-dv *

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A related video demonstration can be viewed at assets/5.6/shipin.mp4

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Questions

1

Use the ls command to view the information under /root and redirect the result to save it into the test.txt file.

Run the following command:

sudo ls /root/

View all files and subdirectory information under the /root directory.

sudo ls /root > text.txt

Write the list of files in the /root directory to the test.txt file.

2

Use disk management and maintenance commands to mount the USB drive to the virtual machine, and copy the test.txt file generated in question 1 to the USB drive.

Run the following command:

sudo cp /tmp/test.txt /mnt/usb/

Copy the file test.txt from the /tmp directory to the USB drive.

ls /mnt/usb

Check if the file has been successfully copied to the USB drive.

3

Use ifconfig to change the IP address of eth0 to 10.3.0.159 and modify the subnet mask to 255.0.0.0.

Run the following command:

sudo ifconfig enp0s3 10.3.0.159

change the IP address

sudo ifconfig enp0s3 netmask 255.0.0.0

change the subnet mask

ifconfig enp0s3

Verify the modification

4

What is the difference between compression and archiving?

Compression: _This refers to reducing the size of a file using specific algorithms. Common tools include gzip and bzip2. The compressed file is often a single file._Compression can be lossless (the data is fully restored after decompression) or lossy (some data is lost after decompression, but the loss is usually negligible for the final use).

Archiving: _This involves combining multiple files or directories into a single file. A commonly used tool is tar. After archiving, the file size may not change, but it makes transmission and storage more convenient.That is, archived files can be as large as the sum of the individual files they replace. Common archiving formats include .tar (Tape Archive).

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The members of the group and their responsible parts

zrz181-郑润泽

• Purpose of the experiment
• Experimental equipment
• Experiment pre-study requirements
• Experimental content

wangwen128-付恒义

• Use of the Linux operating system based on virtual machines

HKING10086-李航

• Use of commands related to files and directories

bingren0106-胡家宝

• Use of commands related to Disk Management and maintenance

Gaoxingheiheihei-褚孟凡

• Use of system administration and setting commands

Bier2004-尚千斌

• Establishment and specification of the repository and catalogs
• Specification and modification of the format of document
• Review of document content
• Add and modify comments
• Use of network-related commands

lakeforever-刘淼

• Use of the Compress Backup command

Tongziiii-张振达

• Questions

Lorinda0719-段奕铭

• Modification of document format and content
• Recording of experimental videos

z4459-王众

• Recording of experimental videos

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• 原仓库链接请点这里

• Please click here to the original repository

• https://github.com/Bier2004/common-commands-in-Linux