Python Fundamentals

Data Types

Numeric Types:

• int (Integers) - Whole Numbers e.g 5, 10
• floats - Decimal Numbers e.g 1.2, 2.55

Sequence Types:

• str (strings) - e.g "Hello World"
• list - Ordered Collection of Items e.g [1, 2, 3]
• tuples - Collection of Items (immutable) e.g (1, 2, 3)

Boolean Types

• True or False

Variables

• Variable names can contain letters, digits, and underscores, BUT they cannot start with a digit.

• Python variable names are case-sensitive.

• Variables in Python can hold values of any data type, including numbers, strings, lists, tuples, dictionaries, etc.

Number and Math Operators

• Arithmetic Operators: Addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), exponentiation (**), modulo (%).
• Comparison Operators: Equality (==), inequality (!=), greater than (>), less than (<), greater than or equal to (>=), less than or equal to (<=).
• Logical Operators: AND (and), OR (or), NOT (not).
• Assignment Operators: Assigns a value to a variable, e.g., =, +=, -=, *=, /=.

String Basics

• String Manipulation Methods: Methods like .upper(), .lower(), .capitalize(), .strip(), .split(), .join(), .replace() for modifying and formatting strings.
• String Interpolation: Formatting strings using f-strings (formatted string literals) or .format() method.
• Indexing and Slicing: Accessing individual characters or substrings using indices or slicing notation ([start:end:step]).

Boolean and Equality Operators

• Boolean Operators: (and, or, not) are short-circuiting, meaning they evaluate operands from left to right and stop as soon as the outcome is determined.
• Identity Operators: is, is not - used to compare the memory locations of two objects.
• Membership Operators: in, not in - used to check if a value exists in a sequence (e.g., string, list, tuple).

Concatenation and Escape Characters

• Concatenation: Combining strings using the + operator or string formatting.
• Escape characters allow you to include special characters in strings that would otherwise be interpreted differently, such as newline (\n), tab (\t), or backslash (\).

Control FLow

• Conditional Statements: (if, elif, else) allow you to execute different blocks of code based on conditions.
• Loops: (for, while) let you iterate over sequences or repeat blocks of code until a condition is met.
• Flow Control Statements: (break, continue, pass) provide ways to alter the flow of control within loops or conditional statements.

Lists, Dictionaries, and Tuples

• Lists and Dictionaries are mutable, meaning they can be changed after creation. Tuples are immutable.
• Lists and Tuples are ordered collections, meaning the order of elements is preserved. Dictionaries, however, are unordered collections.
• List comprehensions provide a concise way to create lists based on existing lists or other iterable objects.

Loops

• For loops are used for iterating over sequences like lists, strings, or ranges. They're often used when the number of iterations is known.
• While loops are used when the number of iterations is not known in advance and is determined by a condition.
• Nested loops allow you to iterate over multiple sequences simultaneously, such as nested lists or matrices.

Functions

• Functions are blocks of reusable code that perform a specific task. They help in modularizing code, improving readability, and reusability.
• Functions can take input parameters, perform operations, and optionally return a result using the return statement.
• In Python, functions are defined using the def keyword.