Are you tired of struggling with complex algorithms to process and analyze digital elevation models (DEMs) for accurate water flow modeling? Look no further! The “flowdem” package is here to simplify your life. With specialized algorithms, “flowdem” allows you to delineate watersheds, stream networks, and perform other essential tasks related to flow routing on DEMs with ease.
To enjoy the latest version of “flowdem”, simply use the following command in R with the “remotes” package:
remotes::install_github("KennethTM/flowdem")- Efficient DEM processing with algorithms optimized for large grid sizes.
- Delineate watersheds (also referred to as drainage basins, catchments, upslope areas, or contributing areas) for any location.
- Perform stream and river delineation.
- Accurately route water flows.
- Handle operations in memory, avoiding repeated file writing when delineating many watersheds
- And so much more!
Water flow modeling using DEMs can be a complex process that requires specialized algorithms to preprocess, analyze, and interpret the data accurately. “flowdem” simplifies this process by providing you with an easy-to-use R package that incorporates advanced algorithms from the RichDEM library by Richard Barnes. Key algorithms are exposed to R using Rcpp for optimal performance.
After pre-processing your DEM, you can unleash its full potential by delineating watersheds and streams, routing water flows accurately, and performing other essential tasks. The pre-processing steps include dealing with depressions or flat surfaces through filling or breaching, enabling correct assessment of flow directions for further analysis.
The “flowdem” package works seamlessly with the “terra” R-package to manage raster data. If you encounter any issues, make sure your “terra” package is up-to-date before reaching out for assistance.
Here”s a quick sample of how “flowdem” can transform your DEM analysis. The sample data, a DEM (100 m resolution) from northern Zealand, Denmark, is included in the package.
library(flowdem);library(terra)
#Read the raster data
dem_path <- system.file("extdata", "arre.tif", package="flowdem")
dem <- rast(dem_path)
plot(dem)
To accurately determine flow directions, it”s essential to use a DEM free of depressions and pits. Pre-processing techniques like filling or breaching can help achieve this:
#Fill DEM and leave surfaces flat
dem_fill <- fill(dem, epsilon = FALSE)
#Fill DEM and apply a gradient on flat surfaces to ensure flow
#Note: When writing DEMs filled with epsilon to file,
#set the datatype to FLT8S in terra::writeRaster()
dem_fill_eps <- fill(dem, epsilon = TRUE)
#Fill DEM and delineate coastal drainage basins simultaneously
dem_fill_basins <- fill_basins(dem)
#Breach DEM, that is, resolve depression by "carving" through obstacles
dem_breach <- breach(dem)
#Use fill with epsilon on breached DEM to resolve flats and ensure drainage
dem_breach_fill_eps <- fill(dem_breach, epsilon = TRUE)As demonstrated in this section, the filling and breaching processes have a significantly different impact on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) compared to the raw DEM. To further illustrate this point, we analyze the differences between the original DEM and the modified versions.
dem_breach_diff <- dem - dem_breach
dem_breach_diff[dem_breach_diff == 0] <- NA
dem_fill_diff <- dem - dem_fill_eps
dem_fill_diff[dem_fill_diff == 0] <- NA
par(mfrow = c(1, 2))
plot(dem_breach_diff, main = "Impact of breaching", col=hcl.colors(50, rev = TRUE))
plot(dem_fill_diff, main = "Impact of filling", col=hcl.colors(50, rev = TRUE))
To improve accuracy in your topographical analysis, properly fill or
breach any sinks and depressions on the DEM. Additionally, process flats
using epsilon = TRUE to ensure proper flow direction determination.
Once completed, this information can then be used to effectively outline
the pathways taken by the flowing water.
#Get flow directions using the filled DEM
dem_dir <- dirs(dem_breach_fill_eps, mode="d8")
#Get flow accumulation
dem_acc <- accum(dem_dir, mode="d8")
#Flow accumulation can be used for stream delineation,
#e.g using a threshold of 100 contributing cells (100*100*100 = 1 km2)
dem_streams <- dem_acc > 100
plot(dem_streams, col=c("grey", "dodgerblue"), legend=FALSE)
The flow directions are based on the “d8” routing scheme, which is currently the only mode available. Utilizing the flow direction grid can help with watershed delineation for various applications. You can achieve this by providing a target area in either raster or vector format from the “terra” package or vector format from the “sf” package. In this example, we will demonstrate how to delineate the watershed for Denmark’s largest lake (Lake Arre).:
#Read the vector data using terra of sf packages
lake_path <- system.file("extdata", "arre.sqlite", package="flowdem")
#Using sf
# lake <- st_read(lake_path)
#Using terra
lake <- vect(lake_path)
#Using terra raster
# lake <- rasterize(lake, dem_dir)
lake_watershed <- watershed(dem_dir, lake)
plot(dem)
plot(lake_watershed, col="dodgerblue", add=TRUE, legend=FALSE, alpha=0.5)
plot(lake, col="coral", add=TRUE, border="coral")
The library provides support for creating watershed delineations targeting points, lines or polygons in terra” or “sf” packages. It also supports the use of rasters in “terra”. Additionally, this library allows for nested watershed delineation with each watershed assigned a unique ID.