MDEV-12353: Change the redo log encoding

log_t::FORMAT_10_5: physical redo log format tag

log_phys_t: Buffered records in the physical format.
The log record bytes will follow the last data field,
making use of alignment padding that would otherwise be wasted.
If there are multiple records for the same page, also those
may be appended to an existing log_phys_t object if the memory
is available.

In the physical format, the first byte of a record identifies the
record and its length (up to 15 bytes). For longer records, the
immediately following bytes will encode the remaining length
in a variable-length encoding. Usually, a variable-length-encoded
page identifier will follow, followed by optional payload, whose
length is included in the initially encoded total record length.

When a mini-transaction is updating multiple fields in a page,
it can avoid repeating the tablespace identifier and page number
by setting the same_page flag (most significant bit) in the first
byte of the log record. The byte offset of the record will be
relative to where the previous record for that page ended.

Until MDEV-14425 introduces a separate file-level log for
redo log checkpoints and file operations, we will write the
file-level records in the page-level redo log file.
The record FILE_CHECKPOINT (which replaces MLOG_CHECKPOINT)
will be removed in MDEV-14425, and one sequential scan of the
page recovery log will suffice.

Compared to MLOG_FILE_CREATE2, FILE_CREATE will not include any flags.
If the information is needed, it can be parsed from WRITE records that
modify FSP_SPACE_FLAGS.

MLOG_ZIP_WRITE_STRING: Remove. The record was only introduced temporarily
as part of this work, before being replaced with WRITE (along with
MLOG_WRITE_STRING, MLOG_1BYTE, MLOG_nBYTES).

mtr_buf_t::empty(): Check if the buffer is empty.

mtr_t::m_n_log_recs: Remove. It suffices to check if m_log is empty.

mtr_t::m_last, mtr_t::m_last_offset: End of the latest m_log record,
for the same_page encoding.

page_recv_t::last_offset: Reflects mtr_t::m_last_offset.

Valid values for last_offset during recovery should be 0 or above 8.
(The first 8 bytes of a page are the checksum and the page number,
and neither are ever updated directly by log records.)
Internally, the special value 1 indicates that the same_page form
will not be allowed for the subsequent record.

mtr_t::page_create(): Take the block descriptor as parameter,
so that it can be compared to mtr_t::m_last. The INIT_INDEX_PAGE
record will always followed by a subtype byte, because same_page
records must be longer than 1 byte.

trx_undo_page_init(): Combine the writes in WRITE record.

trx_undo_header_create(): Write 4 bytes using a special MEMSET
record that includes 1 bytes of length and 2 bytes of payload.

flst_write_addr(): Define as a static function. Combine the writes.

flst_zero_both(): Replaces two flst_zero_addr() calls.

flst_init(): Do not inline the function.

fsp_free_seg_inode(): Zerofill the whole inode.

fsp_apply_init_file_page(): Initialize FIL_PAGE_PREV,FIL_PAGE_NEXT
to FIL_NULL when using the physical format.

btr_create(): Assert !page_has_siblings() because fsp_apply_init_file_page()
must have been invoked.

fil_ibd_create(): Do not write FILE_MODIFY after FILE_CREATE.

fil_names_dirty_and_write(): Remove the parameter mtr.
Write the records using a separate mini-transaction object,
because any FILE_ records must be at the start of a mini-transaction log.

recv_recover_page(): Add a fil_space_t* parameter.
After applying log to the a ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED page,
invoke buf_zip_decompress() to restore the uncompressed page.

buf_page_io_complete(): Remove the temporary hack to discard the
uncompressed page of a ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED page.

page_zip_write_header(): Remove. Use mtr_t::write() or
mtr_t::memset() instead, and update the compressed page frame
separately.

trx_undo_header_add_space_for_xid(): Remove.

trx_undo_seg_create(): Perform the changes that were previously
made by trx_undo_header_add_space_for_xid().

btr_reset_instant(): New function: Reset the table to MariaDB 10.2
or 10.3 format when rolling back an instant ALTER TABLE operation.

page_rec_find_owner_rec(): Merge with the only callers.

page_cur_insert_rec_low(): Combine writes by using a local buffer.
MEMMOVE data from the preceding record whenever feasible
(copying at least 3 bytes).

page_cur_insert_rec_zip(): Combine writes to page header fields.

PageBulk::insertPage(): Issue MEMMOVE records to copy a matching
part from the preceding record.

PageBulk::finishPage(): Combine the writes to the page header
and to the sparse page directory slots.

mtr_t::write(): Only log the least significant (last) bytes
of multi-byte fields that actually differ.

For updating FSP_SIZE, we must always write all 4 bytes to the
redo log, so that the fil_space_set_recv_size() logic in
recv_sys_t::parse() will work.

mtr_t::memcpy(), mtr_t::zmemcpy(): Take a pointer argument
instead of a numeric offset to the page frame. Only log the
last bytes of multi-byte fields that actually differ.

In fil_space_crypt_t::write_page0(), we must log also any
unchanged bytes, so that recovery will recognize the record
and invoke fil_crypt_parse().

Future work:
MDEV-21724 Optimize page_cur_insert_rec_low() redo logging
MDEV-21725 Optimize btr_page_reorganize_low() redo logging
MDEV-21727 Optimize redo logging for ROW_FORMAT=COMPRESSED

Author: dr-m

extra/mariabackup/xtrabackup.cc

@@ -590,26 +590,25 @@ std::string filename_to_spacename(const byte *filename, size_t len)
 
 /** Report an operation to create, delete, or rename a file during backup.
 @param[in]	space_id	tablespace identifier
-@param[in]	flags		tablespace flags (NULL if not create)
+@param[in]	create		whether the file is being created
 @param[in]	name		file name (not NUL-terminated)
 @param[in]	len		length of name, in bytes
 @param[in]	new_name	new file name (NULL if not rename)
 @param[in]	new_len		length of new_name, in bytes (0 if NULL) */
-static void backup_file_op(ulint space_id, const byte* flags,
+static void backup_file_op(ulint space_id, bool create,
 	const byte* name, ulint len,
 	const byte* new_name, ulint new_len)
 {
 
-	ut_ad(!flags || !new_name);
+	ut_ad(!create || !new_name);
 	ut_ad(name);
 	ut_ad(len);
 	ut_ad(!new_name == !new_len);
 	pthread_mutex_lock(&backup_mutex);
 
-	if (flags) {
+	if (create) {
 		ddl_tracker.id_to_name[space_id] = filename_to_spacename(name, len);
-		msg("DDL tracking :  create %zu \"%.*s\": %x",
-			space_id, int(len), name, mach_read_from_4(flags));
+		msg("DDL tracking : create %zu \"%.*s\"", space_id, int(len), name);
 	}
 	else if (new_name) {
 		ddl_tracker.id_to_name[space_id] = filename_to_spacename(new_name, new_len);
@@ -632,14 +631,14 @@ static void backup_file_op(ulint space_id, const byte* flags,
 
  We will abort backup in this case.
 */
-static void backup_file_op_fail(ulint space_id, const byte* flags,
+static void backup_file_op_fail(ulint space_id, bool create,
 	const byte* name, ulint len,
 	const byte* new_name, ulint new_len)
 {
 	bool fail;
-	if (flags) {
-		msg("DDL tracking :  create %zu \"%.*s\": %x",
-			space_id, int(len), name, mach_read_from_4(flags));
+	if (create) {
+		msg("DDL tracking : create %zu \"%.*s\"",
+			space_id, int(len), name);
 		std::string  spacename = filename_to_spacename(name, len);
 		fail = !check_if_skip_table(spacename.c_str());
 	}

mysql-test/suite/encryption/r/innodb_encrypt_log_corruption.result

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ WHERE engine = 'innodb'
 AND support IN ('YES', 'DEFAULT', 'ENABLED');
 COUNT(*)
 1
-FOUND 1 /InnoDB: .* started; log sequence number 121397[09]/ in mysqld.1.err
+FOUND 1 /InnoDB: .* started; log sequence number 12139[78]\d; transaction id 0/ in mysqld.1.err
 # Empty 10.2 redo log
 # restart: --innodb-data-home-dir=MYSQLTEST_VARDIR/tmp/log_corruption --innodb-log-group-home-dir=MYSQLTEST_VARDIR/tmp/log_corruption --innodb-force-recovery=5 --innodb-log-file-size=2m
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ENGINES

mysql-test/suite/innodb/r/log_alter_table.result

@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ WHERE engine = 'innodb'
 AND support IN ('YES', 'DEFAULT', 'ENABLED');
 COUNT(*)
 1
-FOUND 1 /InnoDB: .* started; log sequence number 121397[09]/ in mysqld.1.err
+FOUND 1 /InnoDB: .* started; log sequence number 12139[78]\d; transaction id 0/ in mysqld.1.err
 # Empty 10.2 redo log
 # restart: --innodb-data-home-dir=MYSQLTEST_VARDIR/tmp/log_corruption --innodb-log-group-home-dir=MYSQLTEST_VARDIR/tmp/log_corruption --innodb-force-recovery=5 --innodb-log-file-size=2m
 SELECT COUNT(*) FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.ENGINES

mysql-test/suite/innodb/r/log_corruption.result

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ FOUND 1 /InnoDB: Tablespace 4294967280 was not found at .*, but there were no mo
 # restart: --debug=d,innodb_log_abort_3,ib_log --innodb-log-files-in-group=2 --innodb-log-file-size=4M
 SELECT * FROM t1;
 ERROR 42000: Unknown storage engine 'InnoDB'
-FOUND 1 /srv_prepare_to_delete_redo_log_files: ib_log: MLOG_CHECKPOINT.* written/ in mysqld.1.err
+FOUND 1 /srv_prepare_to_delete_redo_log_files: ib_log: FILE_CHECKPOINT.* written/ in mysqld.1.err
 # restart
 # restart
 DROP TABLE t1;

mysql-test/suite/innodb/r/log_file_name_debug.result

@@ -424,8 +424,8 @@ AND support IN ('YES', 'DEFAULT', 'ENABLED');
 # In encryption.innodb_encrypt_log_corruption, we would convert the
 # log to encrypted format. Writing an extra log checkpoint before the
 # redo log conversion would advance the LSN by the size of a
-# MLOG_CHECKPOINT record (9 bytes).
---let SEARCH_PATTERN= InnoDB: .* started; log sequence number 121397[09]
+# FILE_CHECKPOINT record (12 bytes).
+--let SEARCH_PATTERN= InnoDB: .* started; log sequence number 12139[78]\d; transaction id 0
 --source include/search_pattern_in_file.inc
 
 --echo # Empty 10.2 redo log

mysql-test/suite/innodb/t/log_alter_table.opt

@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ SELECT * FROM t1;
 --source include/restart_mysqld.inc
 --error ER_UNKNOWN_STORAGE_ENGINE
 SELECT * FROM t1;
---let SEARCH_PATTERN= srv_prepare_to_delete_redo_log_files: ib_log: MLOG_CHECKPOINT.* written
+--let SEARCH_PATTERN= srv_prepare_to_delete_redo_log_files: ib_log: FILE_CHECKPOINT.* written
 --source include/search_pattern_in_file.inc
 
 --let $restart_parameters=