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main_ModerateScale.asv
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main_ModerateScale.asv
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% =========================================================================
% Moderate-scale Traffic Simulation
% 15 Vehicles with 5 CAVs
% The head vehicle has a sinusoidal perturbation
%
% *Attention*: need pre-collected trajectory data to run this simulation.
% If there are no pre-collected data, please run dataCollection_LargeScale
% first.
% =========================================================================
clc; close all; clear;
addpath('_fcn');
warning off;
% whether output data
output_bool = 1;
% whether mixed traffic flow
mix = 1;
% Type of the controller
controller_type = 3;
% 1. centralized DeeP-LCC 2. MPC 3.distributed DeeP-LCC
% Whether update equilibrium velocity
update_equilibrium_bool = 1;
% length of data samples
switch controller_type
case 1
T = 1200;
case 3
T = 600;
end
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Parameter setup
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
h_wait = waitbar(0,'please wait');
% Number of data sets for simulation
data_number = 100;
% Data set
data_str = '1'; % 1. random ovm 2. manual ovm 3. homogeneous ovm
% Perturbation amplitude
per_type = 1; % 1. sinuoid perturbation 2. small brake perturbation 3. large brake perturbation
% 4. larger brake perturbation
% 5. Perturbation on a vehicle in the middle of the platoon
sine_amp = 4; % amplitidue of sinuoid perturbation
brake_amp = 5; % brake amplitude of brake perturbation
constraint_bool = 1; % Whether there exist constraints
% Type for HDV car-following model
hdv_type = 1; % 1. OVM 2. IDM
% Uncertainty for HDV behavior
acel_noise = 0.1; % A white noise signal on HDV's original acceleration
% Parameters in Simulation
total_time = 30; % Total Simulation Time
Tstep = 0.05; % Time Step
total_time_step = total_time/Tstep;
% Index for one experiment
computation_time = zeros(total_time_step,1);
iteration_num = zeros(total_time_step,1);
% Average index for all the experiments
Collected_computation_time = zeros(data_number,1);
Collected_iteration_num = zeros(data_number,1);
% DeeP-LCC Formulation
Tini = 20; % length of past data
N = 50; % length of predicted horizon
weight_v = 1; % weight coefficient for velocity error
weight_s = 0.5; % weight coefficient for spacing error
weight_u = 0.1; % weight coefficient for control input
lambda_g = 10; % penalty on ||g||_2^2 in objective
lambda_y = 1e4; % penalty on ||sigma_y||_2^2 in objective
% penality parameter in ADMM
rho = 1;
% ------------------------------------------
% Parameters in Mixed Traffic
% ------------------------------------------
ID = [1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1,0,0]; % ID of vehicle types
% 1: CAV 0: HDV
ID_str = num2str(ID);
ID_str(find(ID_str==' ')) = '';
pos_cav = find(ID==1); % position of CAVs
n_vehicle = length(ID); % number of vehicles
n_cav = length(pos_cav); % number of CAVs
n_hdv = n_vehicle-n_cav; % number of HDVs
v_star = 15; % Equilibrium velocity
s_star = 20; % Equilibrium spacing for CAV
% Constraints
acel_max = 2;
dcel_max = -5;
spacing_max = 40;
spacing_min = 5;
u_limit = [dcel_max,acel_max];
s_limit = [spacing_min,spacing_max]-s_star;
if data_str == '1'
% Random setup for OVM
load(['_data/hdv_ovm_random_',ID_str,'.mat']);
elseif data_str == '3'
% Homegeneous setup for OVM
load(['_data/hdv_ovm_homogeneous_',ID_str,'.mat']);
end
% What is measurable
% for measure_type = 2:3
measure_type = 3;
% 1. Only the velocity errors of all the vehicles are measurable;
% 2. All the states, including velocity error and spacing error are measurable;
% 3. Velocity error and spacing error of the CAVs are measurable,
% and the velocity error of the HDVs are measurable.
% ------------------
% size in DeeP-LCC
% ------------------
n_ctr = 2*n_vehicle; % number of state variables
m_ctr = n_cav; % number of input variables
switch measure_type % number of output variables
case 1
p_ctr = n_vehicle;
case 2
p_ctr = 2*n_vehicle;
case 3
p_ctr = n_vehicle + n_cav;
end
% ------------------
% size in Distributed DeeP-LCC
% ------------------
ni_vehicle = zeros(1,n_cav); % number of vehicles in each LCC subsystem
for i_cav = 1:n_cav-1
ni_vehicle(i_cav) = pos_cav(i_cav+1) - pos_cav(i_cav);
end
ni_vehicle(n_cav) = n_vehicle - pos_cav(end) + 1;
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% First Loop: Run simulation for different data sets
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
for i_data = 1:data_number
% Load trajectory data
load(['_data\trajectory_data_collection\',ID_str,'_data',data_str,'_',num2str(i_data),...
'_T_',num2str(T),'_',num2str(Tini),'_',num2str(N),'_noiseLevel_',num2str(acel_noise),'.mat']);
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Scenario initialization
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
% There is one head vehicle at the very beginning
S = zeros(total_time_step,n_vehicle+1,3);
S(1,1,1) = 0;
for i = 2 : n_vehicle+1
S(1,i,1) = S(1,i-1,1) - hdv_parameter.s_star(i-1);
end
S(1,:,2) = v_star * ones(n_vehicle+1,1);
% ------------------
% Centralized DeeP-LCC Formulation
% ------------------
Q_v = weight_v*eye(n_vehicle); % penalty for velocity error
Q_s = weight_s*eye(p_ctr-n_vehicle); % penalty for spacing error
Q = blkdiag(Q_v,Q_s); % penalty for trajectory error
R = weight_u*eye(m_ctr); % penalty for control input
u = zeros(m_ctr,total_time_step); % control input
x = zeros(n_ctr,total_time_step); % state variables
y = zeros(p_ctr,total_time_step); % output variables
pr_status = zeros(total_time_step,1); % problem status
e = zeros(1,total_time_step); % external input
% ------------------
% Distributed DeeP-LCC Formulation
% ------------------
if controller_type == 3
si_limit = cell(n_cav,1);
Qi = cell(n_cav,1);
Ri = cell(n_cav,1);
lambda_gi = zeros(n_cav,1);
lambda_yi = zeros(n_cav,1);
g_initial = cell(n_cav,1);
mu_initial = cell(n_cav,1);
eta_initial = cell(n_cav,1);
phi_initial = cell(n_cav,1);
theta_initial = cell(n_cav,1);
ui_ini = cell(n_cav,1);
yi_ini = cell(n_cav,1);
ei_ini = cell(n_cav,1);
for i = 1:n_cav
Qi{i} = blkdiag(weight_v*eye(ni_vehicle(i)),weight_s); % penalty for trajectory error
Ri{i} = weight_u; % penalty for control input
lambda_gi(i) = lambda_g/n_cav;
lambda_yi(i) = lambda_y;
% Initial value
g_initial{i} = zeros(T-Tini-N+1,1);
mu_initial{i} = zeros(T-Tini-N+1,1);
eta_initial{i} = zeros(N,1);
phi_initial{i} = zeros(N,1);
theta_initial{i} = zeros(N,1);
end
K = cell(n_cav,1); % Parameter in coupling constraint
P = cell(n_cav,1); % Parameter in output constraint
Hg = cell(n_cav,1);
Aeqg = cell(n_cav,1);
beqg = cell(n_cav,1);
Qi_stack = cell(n_cav,1);
Ri_stack = cell(n_cav,1);
Hz = cell(n_cav,1);
KKT_vert = cell(n_cav,1); % Inverse matrix in KKT system
Hz_vert = cell(n_cav,1); % Inverse matrix in Hz
for i = 1:n_cav
p(i) = ni_vehicle(i)+1;
K{i} = kron(eye(N),[zeros(1,p(i)-2),1,0]);
P{i} = kron(eye(N),[zeros(1,p(i)-1),1]);
Qi_stack{i} =[];
Ri_stack{i} =[];
for k = 1:N
Qi_stack{i} = blkdiag(Qi_stack{i},Qi{i});
Ri_stack{i} = blkdiag(Ri_stack{i},Ri{i});
end
if i == 1
Hg{i} = Yif{i}'*Qi_stack{i}*Yif{i} + Uif{i}'*Ri_stack{i}*Uif{i} + lambda_gi(i)*eye(T-Tini-N+1) + lambda_yi(i)*Yip{i}'*Yip{i} +...
rho/2*(eye(T-Tini-N+1) + Yif{i}'*P{i}'*P{i}*Yif{i} + Uif{i}'*Uif{i});
Aeqg{i} = [Uip{1};Eip{1};Eif{1}];
else
Hg{i} = Yif{i}'*Qi_stack{i}*Yif{i} + Uif{i}'*Ri_stack{i}*Uif{i} + lambda_gi(i)*eye(T-Tini-N+1) + lambda_yi(i)*Yip{i}'*Yip{i} + ...
rho/2*(eye(T-Tini-N+1) + Eif{i}'*Eif{i} + Yif{i}'*P{i}'*P{i}*Yif{i} + Uif{i}'*Uif{i});
Aeqg{i} = [Uip{i};Eip{i}];
end
KKT_vert{i} = inv([Hg{i},Aeqg{i}';Aeqg{i},zeros(size(Aeqg{i},1))]);
if i ~= n_cav
Hz{i} = rho/2*eye(T-Tini-N+1) + rho/2*Yif{i}'*K{i}'*K{i}*Yif{i};
else
Hz{i} = rho/2*eye(T-Tini-N+1);
end
Hz_vert{i} = inv(Hz{i});
end
end
% ------------------
% Reference trajectory
% ------------------
r = zeros(p_ctr,total_time_step+N); % stabilization
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Simulation
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
tic
% ------------------
% Initial trajectory
% ------------------
uini = zeros(m_ctr,Tini);
eini = zeros(1,Tini);
yini = zeros(p_ctr,Tini);
for k = 1:Tini-1
% Update acceleration
acel = HDV_dynamics(S(k,:,:),hdv_parameter) ...
-acel_noise + 2*acel_noise*rand(n_vehicle,1);
S(k,1,3) = 0; % the head vehicle
S(k,2:end,3) = acel; % all the vehicles using HDV model
S(k,pos_cav+1,3) = uini(:,k); % the CAV
S(k+1,:,2) = S(k,:,2) + Tstep*S(k,:,3);
S(k+1,1,2) = eini(k) + v_star; % the velocity of the head vehicle
S(k+1,:,1) = S(k,:,1) + Tstep*S(k,:,2);
yini(:,k) = measure_mixed_traffic(S(k,2:end,2),S(k,:,1),ID,v_star,s_star,measure_type);
end
k_end = k+1;
yini(:,k_end) = measure_mixed_traffic(S(k_end,2:end,2),S(k_end,:,1),ID,v_star,s_star,measure_type);
u(:,1:Tini) = uini;
e(:,1:Tini) = eini;
y(:,1:Tini) = yini;
% For MPC and DeeP-LCC with constraints
previous_u_opt = 0;
% ------------------
% simulation starts here
% ------------------
for k = Tini:total_time_step-1
% Update acceleration
acel = HDV_dynamics(S(k,:,:),hdv_parameter) ...
-acel_noise + 2*acel_noise*rand(n_vehicle,1);
S(k,2:end,3) = acel; % all the vehicles using HDV model
if min(min(yini)) < -15
temp = 1;
end
if mix
switch controller_type
case 1
tic
% Calculate control input via DeeP-LCC
if constraint_bool
[u_opt,y_opt,pr] = DeeP_LCC(Up,Yp,Uf,Yf,Ep,Ef,uini,yini,eini,Q,R,r(:,k:k+N-1),...
lambda_g,lambda_y,u_limit,s_limit);
else
[u_opt,y_opt,pr] = DeeP_LCC(Up,Yp,Uf,Yf,Ep,Ef,uini,yini,eini,Q,R,r(:,k:k+N-1),...
lambda_g,lambda_y);
end
toc
case 2
% Calculate control input via MPC
if constraint_bool
[u_opt,y_opt,pr] = qpMPC(ID,Tstep,hdv_type,measure_type,v_star,uini,yini,N,Q,R,r(:,k:k+N-1),u_limit,s_limit,previous_u_opt);
previous_u_opt = u_opt;
else
[u_opt,y_opt,pr] = qpMPC(ID,Tstep,hdv_type,measure_type,v_star,uini,yini,N,Q,R,r(:,k:k+N-1));
end
% if pr~=1
% break;
% end
case 3
% ------------------
% construct distributed data
% ------------------
for i=1:n_cav
ui_ini{i} = uini(i,:);
yi_ini{i} = zeros(ni_vehicle(i)+1,Tini);
if i~= n_cav
yi_ini{i}(1:end-1,:) = yini(pos_cav(i):pos_cav(i+1)-1,:);
else
yi_ini{i}(1:end-1,:) = yini(pos_cav(i):n_vehicle,:);
end
yi_ini{i}(end,:) = yini(n_vehicle+i,:);
if i==1
ei_ini{i} = eini;
else
ei_ini{i} = yini(pos_cav(i)-1,:);
end
end
% -------------
% Update equilibrium
% -------------
if update_equilibrium_bool == 1
% Estimated equilibrium velocity
v_star_estimated = zeros(n_cav,1);
s_star_estimated = zeros(n_cav,1);
% Estimate equilibrium velocity for each subsystem
id_cav = 1;
for i = 1:n_vehicle
if ID(i) == 1
% the average velocity of the vehicle ahead of the CAV
if k>Tini
v_star_estimated(id_cav) = mean(S(k-Tini+1:k,i,2));
else
v_star_estimated(id_cav) = mean(S(k-Tini+2:k,i,2));
end
% Design equilibrium spacing
%s_star_estimated(id_cav) = spacing_min + 1*v_star_estimated(id_cav);
s_star_estimated(id_cav) = acos(1-v_star_estimated(id_cav)/30*2)/pi*(35-5) + 5;
% Update spacing constraint
si_limit{id_cav} = [spacing_min,spacing_max]-s_star_estimated(id_cav);
id_cav = id_cav+1;
end
end
% Update equilibrium velocity for each past data
for i = 1:n_cav
yi_ini{i}(1:end-1,:) = yi_ini{i}(1:end-1,:) + v_star - v_star_estimated(i);
yi_ini{i}(end,:) = yi_ini{i}(end,:) + s_star - s_star_estimated(i);
ei_ini{i} = ei_ini{i} + v_star - v_star_estimated(i);
end
else
for i = 1:n_cav
si_limit{i} = s_limit;
end
end
tic
% distributed Deep-LCC
[u_opt,g_opt,mu_opt,eta_opt,phi_opt,theta_opt,real_iter_num] = dDeeP_LCC(Uip,Yip,Uif,Yif,Eip,Eif,ui_ini,yi_ini,ei_ini,Qi,Ri,...
lambda_gi,lambda_yi,u_limit,si_limit,rho,mu_initial,eta_initial,g_initial,phi_initial,theta_initial,KKT_vert,Hz_vert);
toc
g_initial = g_opt;
mu_initial = mu_opt;
eta_initial = eta_opt;
end
if controller_type == 3 %|| controller_type == 4 || controller_type == 5
t_compute = toc/n_cav;
else
t_compute = toc;
end
computation_time(k) = t_compute;
if controller_type == 3 %|| controller_type == 4 || controller_type == 5
iteration_num(k) = real_iter_num;
end
fprintf('Average computation time: %6.4f \n',t_compute);
% One-step formulation
u(:,k) = u_opt(1:m_ctr,1);
% Update accleration for the CAV
S(k,pos_cav+1,3) = u(:,k);
% Judge whether SD system commands to brake
brake_vehicle_ID = find(acel==dcel_max); % the vehicles that need to brake
brake_cav_ID = intersect(brake_vehicle_ID,pos_cav); % the CAVs that need to brake
if ~isempty(brake_cav_ID)
S(k,brake_cav_ID+1,3) = dcel_max;
end
% Record problem status
% pr_status(k) = pr;
end
% Update state
S(k+1,:,2) = S(k,:,2) + Tstep*S(k,:,3);
% Perturbation for the head vehicle
switch per_type
case 1
S(k+1,1,2) = v_star + sine_amp*sin(2*pi/(10/Tstep)*(k-Tini));
S(k+1,:,1) = S(k,:,1) + Tstep*S(k,:,2);
case 2
if (k-Tini)*Tstep <= brake_amp/5
S(k+1,1,3) = -5;
elseif (k-Tini)*Tstep <= brake_amp/5+5
S(k+1,1,3) = 1;
else
S(k+1,1,3) = 0;
end
S(k+1,:,2) = S(k,:,2) + Tstep*S(k,:,3);
S(k+1,:,1) = S(k,:,1) + Tstep*S(k,:,2);
case 3
if (k-Tini)*Tstep <= brake_amp/5
S(k+1,1,3) = -5;
elseif (k-Tini)*Tstep <= brake_amp/5+3
S(k+1,1,3) = 0;
elseif (k-Tini)*Tstep <= brake_amp/5+3+5
S(k+1,1,3) = 1;
else
S(k+1,1,3) = 0;
end
S(k+1,:,2) = S(k,:,2) + Tstep*S(k,:,3);
S(k+1,:,1) = S(k,:,1) + Tstep*S(k,:,2);
case 4
if (k-Tini)*Tstep <= 2
S(k+1,1,3) = -5;
elseif (k-Tini)*Tstep <= 2+5
S(k+1,1,3) = 2;
end
S(k+1,:,2) = S(k,:,2) + Tstep*S(k,:,3);
S(k+1,:,1) = S(k,:,1) + Tstep*S(k,:,2);
case 5
if (k-Tini)*Tstep <= brake_amp/2
S(k,4,3) = -2;
end
S(k+1,:,2) = S(k,:,2) + Tstep*S(k,:,3);
S(k+1,:,1) = S(k,:,1) + Tstep*S(k,:,2);
end
% Record output
y(:,k) = measure_mixed_traffic(S(k,2:end,2),S(k,:,1),ID,v_star,s_star,measure_type);
e(k) = S(k,1,2) - v_star;
% update past data in control process
uini = u(:,k-Tini+1:k);
yini = y(:,k-Tini+1:k);
eini = S(k-Tini+1:k,1,2) - v_star;
fprintf('Simulation number: %d | process... %2.2f%% \n',i_data,k/total_time_step*100);
fprintf('Current spacing of the first CAV: %4.2f \n',S(k,pos_cav(1),1)-S(k,pos_cav(1),1));
str=['Num:', num2str(i_data),' | Processing: ',num2str(k/total_time_step*100),'%'];
waitbar(k/total_time_step,h_wait,str);
end
k_end = k+1;
y(:,k_end) = measure_mixed_traffic(S(k_end,2:end,2),S(k_end,:,1),ID,v_star,s_star,measure_type);
tsim = toc;
fprintf('Simulation ends at %6.4f seconds \n', tsim);
% -------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Plot Results
%--------------------------------------------------------------------------
% Simulation Time
begin_time = 0.05;
end_time = total_time;
color_gray = [190 190 190]/255;
color_red = [244, 53, 124]/255;
color_blue = [67, 121, 227]/255;
color_black = [0 0 0];
color_orange = [255,132,31]/255;
label_size = 18;
total_size = 14;
line_width = 2;
load('ColorMap_RedWhiteBlue.mat');
% Velocity
figure;
id_cav = 1;
plot(begin_time:Tstep:end_time,S(begin_time/Tstep:end_time/Tstep,1,2),'Color',color_black,'linewidth',line_width-0.5); hold on;
for i = 1:n_vehicle
if ID(i) == 0
plot(begin_time:Tstep:end_time,S(begin_time/Tstep:end_time/Tstep,i+1,2),'Color',color_gray,'linewidth',line_width-0.5); hold on; % line for velocity of HDVs
end
end
for i = 1:n_vehicle
if ID(i) == 1
plot(begin_time:Tstep:end_time,S(begin_time/Tstep:end_time/Tstep,i+1,2),'Color',mymap_red_white_blue(108-(id_cav-1)*8,:),'linewidth',line_width); hold on; % line for velocity of CAVs
id_cav = id_cav+1;
end
end
grid on;
set(gca,'TickLabelInterpreter','latex','fontsize',total_size);
set(gca,'YLim',[5 25]);
set(gca,'XLim',[0 total_time]);
xl = xlabel('$t$ [$\mathrm{s}$]','fontsize',label_size,'Interpreter','latex','Color','k');
yl = ylabel('Velocity [$\mathrm{m/s}$]','fontsize',label_size,'Interpreter','latex','Color','k');
set(gcf,'Position',[250 150 500 300]);
fig = gcf;
fig.PaperPositionMode = 'auto';
if output_bool
if mix
print(gcf,['figures/Controller_',num2str(controller_type),'_data_',num2str(i_data),'_T_',num2str(T),'_Tini_',num2str(Tini),'_N_',num2str(N),'_Trajectory'],'-dpng','-r300');
else
print(gcf,'figures/HDVs_Trajectory','-dpng','-r300');
end
end
% Spacing
figure;
id_cav = 1;
for i = 1:n_vehicle
if ID(i) == 1
plot(begin_time:Tstep:end_time,S(begin_time/Tstep:end_time/Tstep,i,1)-S(begin_time/Tstep:end_time/Tstep,i+1,1),'Color',mymap_red_white_blue(108-(id_cav-1)*8,:),'linewidth',line_width); hold on; % line for velocity of CAVs
id_cav = id_cav+1;
end
end
grid on;
set(gca,'TickLabelInterpreter','latex','fontsize',total_size);
set(gca,'YLim',[0 30]);
set(gca,'XLim',[0 total_time]);
xl = xlabel('$t$ [$\mathrm{s}$]','fontsize',label_size,'Interpreter','latex','Color','k');
yl = ylabel('Spacing [$\mathrm{m}$]','fontsize',label_size,'Interpreter','latex','Color','k');
set(gcf,'Position',[250 450 500 300]);
fig = gcf;
fig.PaperPositionMode = 'auto';
if output_bool
if mix
print(gcf,['figures/Controller_',num2str(controller_type),'_data_',num2str(i_data),'_T_',num2str(T),'_Tini_',num2str(Tini),'_N_',num2str(N),'_Spacing'],'-dpng','-r300');
else
print(gcf,'figures/HDVs_Spacing','-dpng','-r300');
end
end
% Computation time
figure;
plot(begin_time:Tstep:end_time,computation_time,'Color',color_black,'linewidth',line_width-0.5); hold on;
set(gca,'TickLabelInterpreter','latex','fontsize',total_size);
title(['Average time: ',num2str(mean(computation_time(Tini:total_time_step-1)))],'fontsize',label_size,'Interpreter','latex','Color','k')
set(gcf,'Position',[650 150 500 300]);
fig = gcf;
fig.PaperPositionMode = 'auto';
if output_bool
if mix
print(gcf,['figures/Controller_',num2str(controller_type),'_data_',num2str(i_data),'_T_',num2str(T),'_Tini_',num2str(Tini),'_N_',num2str(N),'_ComputationTime'],'-dpng','-r300');
end
end
% Iteration number
if controller_type == 3 %|| controller_type == 4 || controller_type == 5
figure;
plot(begin_time:Tstep:end_time,iteration_num,'Color',color_black,'linewidth',line_width-0.5); hold on;
set(gca,'TickLabelInterpreter','latex','fontsize',total_size);
title(['Average iteration: ',num2str(mean(iteration_num(Tini:total_time_step-1)))],'fontsize',label_size,'Interpreter','latex','Color','k')
set(gcf,'Position',[1050 150 500 300]);
fig = gcf;
fig.PaperPositionMode = 'auto';
if output_bool
if mix
print(gcf,['figures/Controller_',num2str(controller_type),'_data_',num2str(i_data),'_T_',num2str(T),'_Tini_',num2str(Tini),'_N_',num2str(N),'_IterationNumber'],'-dpng','-r300');
end
end
end
% Record data
Collected_computation_time(i_data) = mean(computation_time(Tini:total_time_step-1));
Collected_iteration_num(i_data) = mean(iteration_num(Tini:total_time_step-1));
% close all;
if output_bool
if mix
save(['_data\simulation_data\',ID_str,'_',num2str(i_data),'_ControllerType_',num2str(controller_type),'_PerType_',num2str(per_type),'_T_',num2str(T),'.mat'],...
'hdv_type','acel_noise','S','T','Tini','N','ID','Tstep','v_star','computation_time','iteration_num');
else
save(['_data\simulation_data\HDVs','_PerType_',num2str(per_type),'.mat'],...
'hdv_type','acel_noise','S','T','Tini','N','ID','Tstep','v_star');
end
end
end
close(h_wait);