#Tuple swaping a=1 b=2 a,b=b,a print(a,b)

#temporarily variable swaping a=1 b=2 print("a:",a) print("b:",b) temp=a a=b b=temp print("a:",a) print("b:",b)

#swaping using arithmetic operators(addition and subtraction) a=int(input("enter the value of a:")) b=int(input("enter the value of b:")) a=a+b b=a-b a=a-b print("after swaping:") print("a:",a) print("b:",b)

#swaping using arithmetic operators(multiplication and division) a=int(input("enter the value of a:")) b=int(input("enter the value of b:")) a=a*b b=a/b a=a/b print("after swaping:") print("a:",a) print("b:",b)

#data types list fruits=["apple","banana","kiwi"] print(fruits) print(fruits[2])

#data types list fruits=["apple","banana","kiwi"] print(fruits) print(fruits[-1])

#string method nums=[0,1,2,3,4,5,9,8,7,6] print(len(nums))

#not print 0 ,4,5 nums=[0,1,2,3,4,5] print(nums[1:4]) print(nums[3:6]) print(nums[:3]) print(nums[::2]) print(nums[::-1]) print(nums[:-1])

nums=[0,1,2,3,4,5] print(6 in nums) print(3 in nums)

fruits=["apple","mango","cherry"] fruits.sort() print(fruits)

fruits=["apple","mango","cherry"] fruits.reverse() print(fruits)

#nested list nestnum=[[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]] print(nestnum[1]) print(nestnum[2][0]) print(nestnum[1][1]) print(nestnum[2][1])

#reverse the string with respect to their index #str='india won' output 'aidni now' text="india won" word=text.split() w1=word[0][::-1] w2=word[1][::-1] result=' '.join([w1,w2]) print(result)

print("india".capitalize()) print("india".isascii()) print("6".ljust(10,"$")) print("6".rjust(10,"$")) print("india".swapcase()) print("661".zfill(4)) print("india wins".title()) #find print("one key for a lock".find("for")) print("one key for a lock".rfind("for")) #index print("one key for a lock".index("for")) print("one key for a lock".rindex("for")) #count print("mississippi".count('s')) #isalnum() print("JamesBond 007".isalnum()) #isalpha() print("JamesBond".isalpha()) #isdigit print("444".isdigit()) #isdecimal print("444".isdecimal()) #islower print("hi".islower()) #isupper print("hi".isupper()) #isspace print(" ".isspace())

#assign operator num=100 print(num) #or print("this is a sample",num)

#increment in operators num=1 num=num+1 #num+=1 print(num)

#wrong output if we dont give data types num1=input() num2=input() total=num1+num2 print(total)

#with data types num1=int(input()) num2=int(input()) total=num1+num2 print(total)

#string str1=input("enter a number") str2=input("enter a number") fullname=str1+str2 print(fullname)

num1=input("enter a name") num2=input("enter a name") fullname=num1+""+num2 print(fullname)

num1=str(input()) num2=str(input()) fullname=num1+num2 print(fullname)

#increment num=1 num=num+1 # or num+=1 print(num) num-=1 print(num) num*=1 print(num) num%=1 print(num) num/=1 print(num) num//=1 print(num)

n1=float(input("enter a float value")) n2=float(input("enter a float value")) print("division",n1/n2)

s=str(input("enter a string")) print(s) print(len(s)) print(s.upper()) print(s.lower()) print(s[1:3]) print(s[::-1])

#list operators fruits=["apple","kiwi","orange"] fruits.append("banana") fruits.remove("apple") print(fruits[0]) print(fruits[-3]) print(fruits)

#list with in a list nest=[[1,2,3,4],[5,6]] print(nest) print(nest[0]) print(nest[1][0]) print("modify") nest[0][1]=99 print(nest) nest[1]=100 print(nest) l2=[[1,2],[3,4]] l2.append([11,22]) print(l2)

#flatten nest=[[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]] flat=[] for sub in nest: for item in sub: flat.append(item) print(flat)

#list with in a tuple student=("vijay",[20,45,90],['math','science','english']) print(student[2]) print(student[1]) print(student[0]) print(student[2][1])

#tuple sample info=("vijay",33,'engineer') print(info[0]) print(info[-1]) print(len(info)) print(info*2) print(info +(3,4)) print(info +('1234',5))

#nested tuple or tuple within tiple nest=((1,2),(3,4),(5,6)) print(nest[0]) nest=((1,2),('a','b'),(5,6)) print(nest[1]) nest=((1,2),('a',7),(5,6)) print(nest[1][1])

#dictionary operations person={'name':'aiswarya','age':20,'city':'vijayawada'} print(person) print("accessing and modify the the person age:") person["age"]=21 print(person) print("adding and deletind") person["email"]='aiswaryasahani@gmail.com' print(person) del person["city"] print(person) print("all keys and values:") print(person.keys()) print(person.values()) print(person.items()) print(person.get("age"))

#nested dictionary info={"vijay":{"salary":12000,"perks":3000},"marks":{"salary":18000,"perks":5000}} print(info['marks']['perks'])

#dict with tuple keys location={(40,7128,-73.070):"new york",(34.0522,-119.234):"mumbai"} print(location[(40,7128,-73.070)])

info={'name':'india','number':'123'} v='india' for key,value in info.items(): if value==v: print(f"key for value '{v}':{key}")

#set operations my_set={1,2,3,4} print("add and remove values") my_set.add(7) print(my_set) my_set.remove(2) print(my_set) my_set.discard(5) print(my_set) print("membership check") print(1 in my_set) print(10 in my_set)

#operations print("union") a={1,2,3} b={3,4,5} print(a.union(b)) print("intersection") print(a.intersection(b)) print("difference") print(a.difference(b)) print(" symmetricdifference") print(a.symmetric_difference(b))

a={1,2} b={1,2,3,4,5} print(a.issubset(b)) print(b.issubset(a)) print(a<=b) print(a<b) print(a>=b) print(b>a)

#concatination string s1="india" s2="won" result=s1+" "+s2 print(result)

#search or replace str="India won the match by 5 wickets" print(str.find("5")) print(str.replace("5","9")) print(str.replace("wickets","runs today"))

#split and join str="alpha,beta,gamma" parts=str.split(",") print(parts) joined=":".join(parts) print(joined) joined=",".join(parts) print(joined)

#center function str="india" print(str.center(20,"*"))

#count str='he' text='hellohellhellohellhellohellohell' print(text.count(str,0,len(text)))

#startwith and endwith .........searching str1="dog is humans best friends" str2="the climate is very dangerous" print(str1.endswith("end",0,len(str1))) print(str2.startswith("th",0,len(str2)))

#find anothr method text="how was the meal today?" print(text.find("meal",0,len(text))) print(text.rfind("is",0,len(text)))

text="jamesbond007" print(text.isalpha()) print(text.isalnum()) print(text.isdigit()) print(text.isspace()) print(text.isupper()) print(text.islower()) print(text.istitle())

str="hi" print(str.ljust(20,"#")) print(str.ljust(20,"-")) print(str.ljust(2,"#")) print(str.ljust(10,"&")) print(str.ljust(12,"")) print(str.rjust(12,""))

#zfill str="1234" print(str.zfill(4)) print(str.zfill(5)) print(str.zfill(10)) print(str.zfill(3)) print(str.zfill(2)) print(str.zfill(1))

str='6' print(str.zfill(4))

#enumerate str="vijay komarapu" print(list(enumerate(str)))

str="vijay" print(str.swapcase()) str="sonic the dedgehog" print(str.capitalize()) print(str.title())

#strip(remove space) s=' hi aiswarya ' print(s.strip()) print(s.lstrip()) print(s.rstrip())

#program for basic operations by taking user input of an equation a=int(input("enter the value of a:")) b=int(input("enter the value of b:")) c=int(input("enter the value of c:")) x=int(input("enter the value of x:")) result=a*(x**2)+b*x+c print("the result of the equation",result)

#swaping with temporarily variable [universal swaping] a=int(input("enter the value of a:")) b=int(input("enter the value of b:")) temp=a a=b b=temp print(a,b)

#swaping with temporarily variable [universal swaping] a=int(input("enter the value of a:")) b=int(input("enter the value of b:")) c=a a=b b=c print(a,b)

#swaping numbers (tuple swaping) a=int(input("enter the value of a:")) b=int(input("enter the value of b:")) print("before swaping",a,b) a,b=b,a print(a,b)

#swaping using arithmetic operators (+,-) a=int(input("enter the value of a:")) b=int(input("enter the value of b:")) a=a+b b=a-b a=a-b print(a,b)

#swaping using arithmetic operators (,/) a=int(input("enter the value of a:")) b=int(input("enter the value of b:")) a=ab b=a/b a=a/b print(a,b)

#swaping using arithmetic operators xor a=int(input("enter the value of a:")) b=int(input("enter the value of b:")) a=a^b b=a^b a=a^b print(round(a),round(b))

#swaping using arithmetic operators xor a=int(input("enter the value of a:")) b=int(input("enter the value of b:")) a=a^b b=a^b a=a^b print(a,b)

#area and circumference of circle r=float(input("enter radius:")) pi=3.14159 area=pir**2 circumference=2pi*r print("area of circle",area) print("circumference of circle",circumference)

#area and circumference of circle from math import pi r=float(input("enter radius:")) area=pir**2 circumference=2pi*r print("area of circle",area) print("area of circumference",circumference)

#square root and power from math import sqrt,pow n=int(input("enter the value:")) print(sqrt(n)) print(pow(2,3))

#trigonometric functions from math import sin,cos,tan,radians angle=30 print("sin",sin(radians(angle))) print("cos",cos(radians(angle))) print("tan",tan(radians(angle)))

from math import floor,ceil num=float(input("enter the value:")) print("floor:",floor(num)) print("ceil:",ceil(num))

from math import log,log10,exp,e print("natural log:",log(e)) print("log base 10 of 100:",log10(100)) print("e to the power 2:",exp(2))

#date time and calender epoch time from datetime import datetime now=datetime.now() print("current time",now) print("date:",now.date()) print("time:",now.time())

#calendar import calendar print(calendar.month(2004,7))

#calendar with year import calendar year=2025 print(calendar.calendar(year))

#calendar leap year import calendar leaps=calendar.leapdays(1925,2025) print(leaps,end='')

#date difference from datetime import date d1=date(2025,5,9) d2=date(2025,1,1) diff=d1-d2 print("diffrence in date:",diff.days)

#day abbrevation from datetime import date today=date.today() name=today.strftime("%A") print("today:",name)

#print first and last date of a month import calendar from datetime import date year=2025 month=5 fday=date(year,month,1) lday=date(year,month,calendar.monthrange(year,month)[1]) print("firstday",fday.strftime("%A,%Y-%M-%D")) print("lastday",lday.strftime("%A,%Y-%M-%D"))

#print first and last date of a month import calendar from datetime import date year=2025 month=5 fday=date(year,month,1) lday=date(year,month,calendar.monthrange(year,month)[1]) print("firstday",fday.strftime("%A,%Y-%M-%D")) print("lastday",lday.strftime("%A,%y-%m-%d"))

#conditional statements num=99 if 99<0: print("hi student") print("india")

#if condition num=99 if num>0: print("hi student") print("india")

#vote for eligible by usinf if condition person=int(input("enter the age")) if person>=18: print("eligible")

#vote for eligible by usinf if condition person=int(input("enter the age")) limit=18 if person>=limit: print("eligible")

#print the number is even and skip the condition if not exit num=int(input("enter the number")) if num%2==1: print("odd",num) print("after condition exit")

#check if it is character ,digit,space char=input("press any key:") if char.isalpha(): print("the user has entered character") if char.isdigit(): print("the user has entered digit") if char.isspace(): print("the user has entered space")

#if else condition person=int(input("enter the age")) limit=18 if person>=limit: print("eligible") else: print("not eligible")

a=int(input("enter the a value:")) b=int(input("enter the value:")) if a<b: small=a else: small=b print("smallest value",small)

a=int(input("enter the a value:")) b=int(input("enter the value:")) if a>b: small=a else: small=b print("smallest value",small)

#if i/p is small then o/p is capital VICE VERSA ch=input("enter the character") if ch>='A' and ch<='Z': ch=ch.lower() else: ch=ch.upper() print("converted case of input char:",ch)

#leap year or not num=int(input("enter number")) if num%4==0 or num%100==0: print("leap year",num) else: print("not leap year",num) print("leap year",num)

#leap year or not num=int(input("enter number")) if num%4==0 or num%100==0: print("leap year") else: print("not leap year")

#elif condition or ladder num=int(input("enter the value:")) if num==0: print("zero") elif(num>0): print("positive") else: print("negative")

#nested if num=int(input("enter the number")) if num==1:print("sunday") elif num==2:print("monday") elif num==3:print("tuesday") elif num==4:print("wednesday") elif num==5:print("thursday") elif num==6:print("friday") elif num==7:print("saturday") else:print("wrong input")

#upper or lower letter is vowel or consonent ch=input("enter the character:") if ch=='a' or ch=='e' or ch=='i' or ch=='o' or ch=='u': print("vowels") elif ch=='A' or ch=='E' or ch=='I' or ch=='O' or ch=='U': print("vowel") else: print("consonents")

#capital vowel or small vowel and capital consonent or small consonent
ch=input("enter the character") if ch=='a' or ch=='e' or ch=='i' or ch=='o' or ch=='u': print("small vowels") elif ch=='A' or ch=='E' or ch=='I' or ch=='O' or ch=='U': print("capital vowel") else: print("consonents")

a=float(input("enter the number of a:")) b=float(input("enter the number of b:")) op=input("enter the operation(+,-,./):") if op=='+': print(a+b) elif op=='-': print(a-b) elif op=='': print(a*b) elif op=='/': if b!=0: print(a/b) else: print("invalid input") else: print("invalid operator")

#looping statements loop=0 while loop<=10: print(loop) #print(loop,end=" ") loop+=1

loop=0 while loop<=10: print("aiswarya",end=' ') loop+=1

loop=0 while loop<=10: print("aiswarya",end=' ') print("sahani",end=' - ') loop+=1

loop=0 while loop<=10: print("vijay",end=' ') print("cricket",end=' - ') loop+=1 print("looping over as condition fails")

#print sum of first natural number sum=0 i=1 n=int(input("enter the value of n:")) while i<=n: sum+=i i+=1 print("total",sum)

#reverse of natural number n=int(input("enter he number")) i=n while i>=1: print(i,end=' ') i=i-1

#reverse a 4 digit number n=int(input("enter the number")) rev=0 print(n) while n>0: d=n%10 rev=rev*10+d n//=10 print(rev)

#another method of reverse a 4 digit number n=int(input("enter the number")) while n!=0: t=n%10 print(t,end='') n//=10

#for var the range(start,stop) n=int(input("enter the number:")) for i in range(1,n+1,3): print(i,end=" ")

#for loop using string name="mississippi" for char in name: print(char,end=" ")

#lists in for loop items=["maggie","5-star","borbon","lays"] for sale in items: print(sale)

#reverse n numbers using for loop n=int(input("enter the number")) for i in range(n,0,-1): print(i,end=" ")

#another for reverse n number usimg for loop for i in range(10,0,-1): print(i,end=" ")

#all squares uptp 10 using for loop for i in range(1,11): print(i**2,end=" ")

#another all squares upto given n using for loop n=int(input("enter the number")) for i in range(1,11): print(i**2,end=" ")

#lists in for loop items=["maggie","5-star","borbon","lays"] for sale in items: print(sale)

#factorial using for loop n=int(input("enter the number:")) if n==0: f=1 f=1 for i in range(1,n+1): f=f*i print("factorial of",n,"is",f)

#reverse of string using for loop s="mississippi" rev=" " for c in s: rev=c+rev print(rev)

#user define function def hi(): print("hello students") hi()

#user define function with parameter def summate(a,b): print("sum of two numbers:",a+b) a=int(input("enter the value of a")) b=int(input("enter the value of b")) summate(a,b)

def summate(x,y): print("sum of two numbers:",x+y) a=int(input("enter the value of a")) b=int(input("enter the value of b")) summate(a,b)

#user define function with arguments and return value def summate(x,y): return x+y a=int(input("enter the value of a")) b=int(input("enter the value of b")) result=summate(a,b) print(result)

def summate(x,y): print("sum of two numbers:",x+y) c=int(input("enter the value of c")) d=int(input("enter the value of d")) summate(c,d)

#default argument def power(base,expo=2): return base**expo num=int(input("enter number")) print(power(num))

#another method default argument def power(base,expo=2):# or exp=3 return base**expo num=int(input("enter number")) print(power(num,3))

#multiple return values from a single function def operate(a,b): return a+b,a-b,a*b a=int(input("enter a value:")) b=int(input("enter b value:")) sum,diff,prod=operate(a,b) print("sum",sum) print("sub",diff) print("mul",prod)

#anonumous function lambda #lambda var operation num=int(input("enter the number")) square=lambda num:num*num print(square(num))

#another method lambda var operation a=int(input("enter the a number")) b=int(input("enter the b number")) square=lambda a,b:a*b print(square(a,b))

#nested function def hi(): def hello(): print("inner function") print("outer function") hello() hi()

#nested function def operation(a,b): def add(): return a+b def sub(): return a-b print("addition",add()) print("subtraction",sub()) a=int(input("enter a value")) b=int(input("enter b value")) operation(a,b)

#calculate the factorial and power def operation(a,b): def fact(a): op=1 for i in range(1,a+1): op*=i return op def power(a,b): return a**b print("factorial",fact(a)) print("power",power(a,b)) a=int(input("enter a value")) b=int(input("enter b value")) operation(a,b)

#super factorial def fact(n): if n==0 or n==1: return 1 return n*fact(n-1) def sfact(n): if n==1: return 1 return fact(n)*sfact(n-1) num=int(input("enter the number:")) print("factorial",sfact(num))

#scope and lifetime of arguments in a function num=int(input("enter the number:")) print(num) def modify(): global num num=100 modify() print(num)

#tuggle state function #tuggling a global flag is_active=False def toggle_state(): global is_active is_active=not is_active return is_active print(f"initial state:{is_active}") toggle_state() print(f"state after 1st toggle:{is_active}") toggle_state() print(f"state after 2nd toggle:{is_active}") toggle_state()

#annutations def add(a:int,b:int): #->int return a+b a=int(input("enter the a value:")) b=int(input("enter the b value:")) print(add(a,b))

#area of rectangle with single annutation def area(l:int,b:int)->int: return l*b x=int(input("enter the x value:")) y=int(input("enter the y value:")) print(area(x,y)) l=int(input("enter the l value:")) b=int(input("enter the b value:")) print(area(l,b))

from typing import List,Optional def names(n:List[str],separator:Optional[str]=" ")->str: return separator.join(n) print(names(["vijay","mark","steve"])) print(names(["CSE","ECE"],separator="-"))

#tuple arg keyboard function #sun of n user i/p values by tuple arg def sumnum(*args): return sum(args) nums=input("enter the number separated by space:") numbers=[float(x) for x in nums.split()] result=sumnum(*numbers) print(f"sum:{result}")

def sortnum(*args): return sorted(args) nums=input("enter the number separated by space:") numbers=[int(x) for x in nums.split()] result=sortnum(*numbers) print(f"sorted:{result}") x=result[::-1] print("descending:",x)

#keyword argument def info(**kwargs): for key,value in kwargs.items(): print(f"{key}:{value}") info(name="vijay",age=32)

def info(hi,**kwargs): print(hi) for key,value in kwargs.items(): print(f"{key}=>{value}") info("Hello!",name="vijay",age=32,city="vijayawada")

#Recursion #linear / head def hrec(n): if n==0: return print(n) return hrec(n-1) num=int(input("enter the value")) hrec(num)

#tail def hrec(n):
if n==0: return hrec(n-1)
print(n) num=int(input("enter the value")) hrec(num)

#linear recursion factorial def fact(n): if n==1: return 1 return n*fact(n-1) num=int(input("enter the number")) print("factorial",fact(num))

def sumD(n): if n==0: return 0 return (n%10)+sumD(n//10) num=int(input("enter the number")) print(sumD(num))

#indirect recursion def one(n): if n>0: print("one",n) two(n-1) def two(n): if n>0: print("two",n) one(n//2) num=int(input("enter the number")) one(num)

#indirect even or odd def is_even(n): if n==0: return True return is_odd(n-1) def is_odd(n): if n==0: return False return is_even(n-1) num=int(input("enter the number")) print(num,"is even",is_even(num))

#tree def tree(n): if n<0: return print(n) tree(n-1) tree(n-2) tree(3)

def nest(n): if n>=10: return n-1 return nest(nest(n+2)) print(nest(5))

#Error handling #Zero division error num=int(input("enter the number:")) deno=int(input("enter the denominator:")) try: quo=num/deno print("Quotient",quo) except ZeroDivisionError: print("Denominator cannot be a zero")

#multiple exceptions try: num=int(input("enter the number:")) print(num**3) except(KeyboardInterupt): print("you should have entered data without interrupting the compiler") except(ValueError): print("enter number only") print("program terminated") print("Bye")

#multiple exceptions with single block try: num=int(input("enter the number:")) print(num**3) except(KeyboardInterupt): print("you should have entered data without interrupting the compiler") except(KeyboardInterupt,ValueError,TypeError): print("something")

try: num=int(input("enter the number:")) #raise ValueError print(num**2) raise ValueError except: print("exception occued")

#re-raise an exception try: raise NameError except: print("Re-raising the exception") raise

try: raise Exception("vijay","EEE") except Exception as Errorobj: print(type(Errorobj)) print(Errorobj.args) arg1,arg2=Errorobj.args print("1st argument",arg1) print("2nd argument",arg2)

#try finally block try: print("Raising exception.....") raise ValueError finally: print("performing clean-up with finally.....")

#try finally block try: print("Raising exception.....") raise ValueError except: print("exception caught....") finally: print("performing clean-up with finally.....")

try: print("dividing two strings..") try: quo="abc"/"abc" print(quo) finally: print("this is the finally block.....which execute everytime") except TypeError: print("here the type error is handled which is reversed in the inner try")

try: f=open("abcd.txt") except: print("file doesnot exist.....") raise

#assert statement (to find temperature) c=int(input("enter the temperature in c")) f=(c*9/5)+32 assert(f<=32),"its frequency" print("temperature in fahrenheit",f)

num=int(input("enter the number:")) try: output=num*num print(output) except KeyboardInterupt: print("program has been interupted")

n=0 while True: try: n=n+1 if n==31: raise StopIteration else: print(n,end=" ") except StopIteration: break

try: size=int(input("enter size")) user_list=[] for i in range(size): value=int(input(f"enter element{i+1}")) user_list.append(value) index=int(input("enter index to access element:")) print("element of index",index,"is",user_list[index]) except ValueError: print("Error: please after only integers") except IndexError: print("Error index....out of ranfe....")

#list comprehension print([num**2 for num in range(1,11)])

print([x for x in range(1,11) if x%2==0])

words=["apple","banana","cherry"] print([word.upper() for word in words])

#step by step i/p of list comprehension nums=[int(input(f"enter number {i+1}:")) for i in range(5)] print(nums)

n=[int(x) for x in input("enter 5 nums with space").split()[:5]] print(n)

#nest list comprehension loop within loop in a single list comprehension n=int(input("enter a table size:")) table=[[i*j for j in range(1,n+1)] for i in range(1,n+1)] print("tables of math") for row in table: print(row)

#n x n matrix nums=input("enter 9 number with spaces").split() if len(nums)!=9: print("enter exactly 9 numbers:") else: numbers=[int(x) for x in nums] matrix=[[numbers[i*3+j] for j in range(3)] for i in range(3)] for r in matrix: print(r)

#Transpose matrix nums=input("enter 9 number with spaces").split() if len(nums)!=9: print("enter exactly 9 numbers:") else: numbers=[int(x) for x in nums] matrix=[[numbers[i*3+j] for j in range(3)] for i in range(3)] transpose=[[matrix[i][j] for i in range(3)] for j in range(3)] for r in matrix: print(r)

#flatten n x n array n=int(input("enter number size")) num=[int(x) for x in input("enter numbers:").split()[:nn]] matrix=[[num[in+j] for j in range(n)] for i in range(n)] for k in matrix: print(k) flat=[k for r in matrix for k in r] print(flat)

#list cpmprehension to cal square n=int(input("enter number size")) nums=[int(x) for x in input(f"enter {nn} numbers:").split()[:nn]] matrix=[[nums[i*n+j]**2 for j in range(n)] for i in range(n)] for k in matrix: print(k)

n=int(input("enter number size")) nums=[int(x) for x in input(f"enter {nn} numbers:").split()[:nn]] matrix=[[nums[in+1]if nums[in+j]%2==0 else 0 for j in range(n)] for i in range(n)] for k in matrix: print(k)

rows=int(input("enter rows")) pattern=[''.join(['*' for j in range(i)]) for i in range(1,rows+1)] for line in pattern: print(line)

rows=int(input("enter rows")) pattern=[' '.join([chr(97+j) for j in range(i)]) for i in range(1,rows+1)] for line in pattern: print(line)

rows=int(input("enter rows")) pattern=[' '.join([str(num) for num in range(1,rows-i+1)]) for i in range(rows)] for line in pattern: print(line)

n=int(input("enter rows")) pattern=[['*' if i==0 or i==n-1 or j==0 or j==n-1 else ' ' for i in range(n)] for j in range(n)] for i in pattern: print(''.join(i))

n=int(input("enter rows")) upper=[' '(n-i)+''.join('' if j==0 or j==2i else ' ' for j in range(2i+1)) for i in range(n)] lower=[' '(i+2)+''.join('' if j==0 or j==2*(n-i-2) else ' ' for j in range(2*(n-i)-1)) for i in range(n-1)] for line in upper+lower: print(line)

class calc: def init(self,a,b): self.a=a self.b= b print("cal obj created") def add(self): return self.a+self.b def sub(self): return self.a-self.b def del(self): print("created calc obj was deleted") a=int(input("enter a:")) b=int(input("enter b:")) c=calc(a,b) print("addition:",c.add()) print("subtraction:",c.sub()) del calc

#area=pir^2 circumference=2pir import math class rectangle: def init(self,r): self.r=r print("object is created") def area(self): return math.piself.rself.r def circumference(self): return 2math.piself.r def del(self): print("created calc objected was deleted") r=int(input("enter the radius:")) b=rectangle(r) print("area of a circle",b.area()) print("circumference of a circle",b.circumference()) del rectangle

class RowSum: def init(self,matrix): self.matrix=matrix def getitem(self,row): return sum(self.matrix[row]) def setitem(self,row,new_row): self.matrix[row]=new_row m=RowSum([[1,2],[3,4],[5,6]]) print(m[0]) print(m[2]) m[1]=[10,20] print(m[1])

class number: evens=[] odds=[] def init(self,num): self.num=num if num%2==0: number.evens.append(num) else: number.odds.append(num) n1=number(21) n2=number(32) n3=number(43) n4=number(54) n5=number(65) print("even mutable list:",number.evens) print("odd mutable list:",number.odds)

def op(x): return x**3 class abc(): def init(self,val): self.val=val def display(self): print("given value:",self.val) def modify(self): self.val=op(self.val) n=int(input("enter the value of n")) o=abc(n) o.display() o.modify() o.display()

class abc(): def init(self,var1,var2): self.var1=var1 self.var2=var2 def display(self): print("var1",self.var1) print("var2",self.var2) n1=int(input("enter n1:")) n2=float(input("enter n2:")) o=abc(n1,n2) print("object.dict-",o.dict) print("object.doc-",o.doc) print("class.name-",abc.name) print("object.module-",o.module) print("class.base-",abc.base)

import sys class A: num=10 a=A() print(type(A)) print(sys.getsizeof(A)) print(sys.getsizeof(a))

class ATM: def init(self): self.balance=5000 self.pin="1234" def process(self): user_pin=input("enter 4_digit pin:") if user_pin==self.pin: amount=int(input("enter amount to debit:")) if amount<=self.balance: self.balance-=amount print(f"{amount} debited. Remaining balance Rs.{self.balance}") else: print("insufficient funds!!!.Transaction cancelled.") atm=ATM() atm.process()

#normal method // instance method class student: def init(s,name,marks): s.name=name s.marks=marks def display(self): print(f"student name:{s.name}") print(f"student marks:{s.marks}") name=str(input("enter the name:")) marks=int(input("enter the marks:")) s=student(name,marks) s.display()

#classmethod class student: def init(self,name,marks): self.name=name self.marks=marks @classmethod def input(cls): name=str(input("enter the name:")) marks=int(input("enter the marks:")) return cls(name,marks) def display(self): print(f"student name:{s.name}") print(f"student marks:{s.marks}") s=student.input() s.display()

class product: tax_rate=0.18 #choice def init(self,name,price): self.name=name self.price=price def finalprice(self): total=self.price*(1+product.tax_rate) print(f"final price of {self.name} is Rs.{total:.2f}") @classmethod def settax(cls,rate): cls.tax_rate=rate/100 name=str(input("enter the product name:")) price=float(input("enter the base price:")) rate=int(input("enter tax_rate in %:")) product.settax(rate) item=product(name,price) item.finalprice()

#basic math operation using@classmethod class calculator: def init(s,a,b,): s.a=a s.b=b @classmethod def input(cls): a=int(input("enter a value:")) b=int(input("enter b value:")) return cls(a,b) def add(s): return s.a+s.b c=calculator.input() print("addition result:",c.add())

class calculator: def init(s,a,b,): s.a=a s.b=b @classmethod def input(cls): a=int(input("enter a value:")) b=int(input("enter b value:")) return cls(a,b) def op(s): print("Addition result:",s.a+s.b) print("subtraction result:",s.a-s.b) print("multiplication result:",s.a*s.b) print("division result:",s.a/s.b) c=calculator.input() c.op()

#static method @staticmethod class student: gender="Female" def init(s,name): s.name=name def display(s): print(f"name:{s.name}") @classmethod def getname(cls): return cls.gender @staticmethod def resident(type_of_resident): if type_of_resident.lower()=='indian': return "the person is indian" else: return "non-resident indian" name=str(input("enter your name:")) type=input("enter resident or non-resident:") s=student(name) s.display() print("student gender:",student.getname()) print(s.resident(type))

class op: @staticmethod def add(a,b): return a+b x=int(input("enter x value:")) y=int(input("enter y value:")) print("sum:",op.add(x,y))

class op: @staticmethod def operate(a,b): print("sum:",a+b) print("sum:",a-b) print("sum:",a*b) print("sum:",a/b) x=int(input("enter x value:")) y=int(input("enter y value:")) print(op.operate(x,y))

class calc: def init(s,a,b): s.a=a s.b=b def add(s): return s.a+s.b @classmethod def input(cls): a=int(input("enter a value:")) b=int(input("enter b value:")) return cls(a,b) @staticmethod def mul(x,y): return x*y c=calc.input() print("addition-instance",c.add()) x=int(input("enter x value for mul:")) y=int(input("enter y value for another number:")) print("multiplication-static",c.mul(x,y))