Initialize repository structure for competitive programming and algorithms

[Copilot]

This PR establishes a comprehensive foundation for the competitive programming and algorithms repository, transforming it from a minimal setup into a well-organized learning and reference resource.

What's Added

📁 Directory Structure

Created a logical organization system:

• algorithms/ - Core algorithm implementations organized by category (graph, dynamic programming, greedy, string, sorting, searching, math)
• data-structures/ - Essential data structures categorized by type (linear, trees, graphs, heaps, hash tables)
• problems/ - Platform-specific problem solutions (LeetCode, Codeforces, AtCoder, HackerRank, CodeChef, SPOJ)
• templates/ - Ready-to-use code templates for quick contest setup

📝 Documentation

• Enhanced README.md - Comprehensive project overview with clear structure explanation
• CONTRIBUTING.md - Detailed contribution guidelines including code quality standards, naming conventions, and submission process
• Directory-specific READMEs - Focused guidance for each major section

🛠️ Templates and Examples

• Language templates - C++, Python, and Java boilerplate code with fast I/O, common imports, and competitive programming utilities
• Example implementations:
  • Binary search algorithm with bounds (C++)
  • Stack data structure with full functionality (Python)
  • Two Sum problem solution with test cases (Python)

⚙️ Development Setup

• Updated .gitignore - Comprehensive exclusions for build artifacts, IDE files, and temporary files specific to competitive programming
• Tested implementations - All example code verified to work correctly

Benefits

This structure provides:

• Clear organization for finding and contributing algorithms and solutions
• Consistent formatting through templates and guidelines
• Learning resources with well-documented examples
• Scalable foundation for growing the repository with more content

The repository is now ready for contributors to add algorithm implementations, data structure code, and problem solutions in an organized, maintainable way.

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