[FLINK-30922][table-planner] Fix errors when reference metadata columns in column list of a partial-insert statement

[shuiqiangchen]

What is the purpose of the change

Fix the bug that it excludes all metadata and computed columns when doing preValidateRewrite with partial insert.

Brief change log

• Added util to get persisted schema.
• Apply persisted columns as target row type when doing pre-validate rewrite for partial insert.

Verifying this change

This change has test cases covered in PartialInsertTest.

Does this pull request potentially affect one of the following parts:

• Dependencies (does it add or upgrade a dependency): (no)
• The public API, i.e., is any changed class annotated with @Public(Evolving): (no)
• The serializers: (no)
• The runtime per-record code paths (performance sensitive): (no)
• Anything that affects deployment or recovery: JobManager (and its components), Checkpointing, Kubernetes/Yarn, ZooKeeper: (no)
• The S3 file system connector: (no)

Documentation

• Does this pull request introduce a new feature? (no)
• If yes, how is the feature documented? (not documented)

[shuiqiangchen]

@lincoln-lil Here is the backport pr for release-1.17, please have a look.

[flinkbot]

CI report:

• 9f15296 Azure: SUCCESS

Bot commands

The @flinkbot bot supports the following commands:

• @flinkbot run azure re-run the last Azure build

[lincoln-lil]

LGTM