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ES6: QuickStart and Tips

ES6: 快速体验,及实用小贴士

2016 年是 ES6 大力推广和普及的黄金时期,也是今年的流行趋势, 就一个 ES6 关键词, 在 GitHub 上就有这么多搜索结果。(赶紧跟上大部队!)

It's very hot!

简介

ES6 是 ECMAScript 6 的简称,是 ECMA-262 的第 6 版本

  • ES5、ES2015 / ES6、ES2016 / ES7、ES2017 / ES8 这些关键词具体代表什么?

    ES5 发布于 2009 年。

    ES6,比起 ES5,是第一个大版本更新,在 2015-06 发布,所以又称 ES2015。

    ES7 和 ES8 统称为 ECMAScript Next。

    ES7 在 2016-06 发布,又称 ES2016。

    ES8 在 2017-06 发布,又称 ES2017。

  • ECMAScript 与 JavaScript 有什么关系?

    前者是后者的语言标准,后者是前者的一个实现。

  • ES6 在浏览器,Node.js 支持如何,适不适合开发,生产?

  • 为什么要学习新语法?

    当前很多库、框架、工具都在使用 ES6+ 进行开发,典型的就是 React 和 Vue,使用新语法特性的优势进行快速开发,然后使用转换构建工具部署生产代码。

ES6 新特性

Arrows and Lexical This

「箭头」函数(=>)和 this

使用「箭头」函数我们可以体验函数式编程的”美”,高效、简洁,当然也要注意上下文 this

  • e.g.

    // old
    var sum = function (a, b) { return a + b }
    // new
    var sum = (a, b) => a + b
  • 猜猜猜

    1. a.js
    var PI = 3.14
    
    var c = r => 2 * PI * r
    
    // c(2) = ?
    1. b.js
    var PI = 3.14
    
    var circle = {
      PI: 3.14159,
      c: r => 2 * this.PI * r
    }
    
    // circle.c(2) = ?
    1. c.js
    var PI = 3.14
    
    var circle = {
      PI: 3.14159,
      c (r) {
        return 2 * this.PI * r
      }
    }
    
    // circle.c(2) = ?

Classes

类:

基于原型链的语法糖,简单、清晰;面向对象编程更加轻松。
再也不会被其他语言吐槽了!

  • e.g.

    // old
    function Cat () {
      this.voice = 'miao'
    }
    Cat.prototype.speak = function () {
      console.log(this.voice)
    }
    
    function Lion () {
      this.voice = 'roar'
    }
    
    Lion.prototype = Cat.prototype
    
    var c = new Cat()
    var l = new Lion()
    c.speak()
    l.speak()
    // new
    class Cat {
      constructor () {
        this.voice = 'miao'
      }
    
      speak () {
        console.log(this.voice)
      }
    }
    
    class Lion extends Cat {
      constructor () {
        super()
    
        this.voice = 'roar'
      }
    }
    var c = new Cat()
    var l = new Lion()
    c.speak()
    l.speak()
  • 猜猜猜

    1. cat.js
    class Cat {
      constructor () {
        this.voice = 'miao'
      }
    
      speak () {
        console.log(this.voice)
      }
    
      static type () {
        return Cat.name.toLowercase()
      }
    }
    
    // Cat.prototype= ?
    1. getters-setters.js
    class Cat {
      constructor (options) {
        this.voice = 'miao'
        this.options = options || {}
      }
    
      speak () {
        console.log(this.voice)
      }
    
      get name () {
        return this.options.name
      }
    
      set name (name) {
        this.options.name = name
      }
    }
    
    var a = new Cat({ name: 'Garfield' })
    // a.name ?
    // a.name = 'Tom'
    // a.name ?
    1. mixins.js
    var CalculatorMixin = Base => class extends Base {
      calc() { }
    }
    
    var RandomizerMixin = Base => class extends Base {
      randomize() { }
    }
    
    class Foo { }
    class Bar extends CalculatorMixin(RandomizerMixin(Foo)) { }
    
    // Bar.prototype ?

Enhanced Object Literals

改进对象声明:

大大减少了代码量,创建对象更加简洁。

  • 属性缩写

  • 函数缩写

  • 属性名计算

  • e.g.

    // old
    var a = 1
    var b = 2
    var c = 3
    
    var o = {
      a: a,
      b: b
      c: c,
      d: function () {
        return this.a + this.b + this.c
      }
    }
    // new
    var o = {
      a,
      b,
      c,
      d () {
        return this.a + this.b + this.c
      }
    }
  • 猜猜猜

    1. returns.js
    var generate = (name, age) => ({ name, age })
    
    // generate('github', 5) ?
    1. cumputed-properties.js
    var create = (path, verb) => {
      return {
        path,
        verb,
        ['is' + verb[0].toUpperCase() + verb.substring(1)]: true
      }
    }
    
    // create('/', 'get') ?
    1. complicated.js
    var path = '/'
    var verb = 'get'
    var root = {
      path,
      verb
    }
    
    var route = {
      root
    }

Template Strings

模板字符串:

终于可以舒服的写多行字符串了,这功能等到花儿都谢了!

  • 支持多行

  • 支持变量绑定

  • 也支持对字符串不转义,不解析

  • e.g.

    // old
    var first = 1
    var second = 2
    var third = 3
    
    var str = 'No.' + first + '\n' +
      'No.' + second +'\n' +
      'No.' + third
    // new
    var first = 1
    var second = 2
    var third = 3
    
    var str = `No. ${first}
    No. ${second}
    No. ${third}
    `
  • 猜猜猜

    1. raw-tag.js
    var t0 = `In ES5 "\n" is a line-feed.`
    var t1 = String.raw`In ES5 "\n" is a line-feed.`
    
    // console.log(t0)
    // console.log(t1)
    1. expression.js
    var a = 5
    var b = 10
    
    // console.log("Fifteen is " + (a + b) + " and\nnot " + (2 * a + b) + ".")
    // console.log(`Fifteen is ${a + b} and\nnot ${2 * a + b}.`)
    1. custom-tag.js
    var generatePath = (strings, ...values) => {
      return strings[0] + values.reduce((prev, curr) => `${prev}/${curr}`, '')
    }
    
    var user = 'user'
    var id = '233'
    var profile = 'profile'
    // generatePath`GET: ${user}${id}${profile}`

Destructuring

解析赋值

可以轻松获取对象、数组等的元素,并赋值到指定变量

  • Array ArrayLike Object 等,具有迭代器接口的对象
  • e.g.

    // old
    var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
    
    var a0 = arr[0]
    var a1 = arr[1]
    var a2 = arr[2]
    
    var obj = {
      name: 'github',
      age: 5
    }
    
    var name = obj.name
    var age = obj.age
    // new
    var arr = [1, 2, 3, 4]
    
    var [a0, a1, a2] = arr
    
    var obj = {
      name: 'github',
      age: 5
    }
    
    var { name, age } = obj
  • 猜猜猜

    1. print.js
    var print = ({ name, age }) => console.log(name, age)
    
    // print({ name: 'ES6', age: 2015 }) ?
    1. alias.js
    var js = { name: 'ES6', age: 2015 }
    
    var { name: es, age } = js
    // name, es, age?
    1. defaults.js
    var js = { name: 'ES6', age: 2015 }
    var date = [2015, 9, 14]
    
    var { version = '6' } = js
    // version ?
    
    var { fullname: f = 'ECMAScript 6' } = js
    // fullname, f ?
    
    var [y, m, d, h = 9] = date
    // y, m, d, h ?

Default + Rest + Spread

默认值、余下参数(Rest),数组展开(Spread)

  • 默认值: 减少了对输入参数的检查的代码量,即可读又简洁

  • Rest:对参数数组操作更加灵活

  • Spread:可以看作是 Rest 的反操作,更加方便对数组的操作

  • e.g.

    // old
    function bar (a) {
      a = a || 5
    }
    
    function sum (a) {
      a = a || 5
      var l = arguments.length
      var i = 1
      for (; i < l; ++i) {
        a += arguments[i]
      }
      return a
    }
    
    function apply () {
      function fn () {}
      var l = arguments.length
      var args = new Array(l)
      for (var i = 0; i < l; ++i) {
        args[i] = arguments[i]
      }
      fn.apply(null, args)
    }
    // new
    function bar(a = 5) {
    }
    
    function sum (a = 5, ...args) {
      var l = args.length
      var i = 0
      for (; i < l; ++i) {
        a += args[i]
      }
      return a
    }
    
    function apply (...args) {
      function fn () {}
      fn.apply(null, args)
    }
  • 猜猜猜

    1. string.js
    var str = '1234567890'
    
    // [...str] ?
    1. concat.js
    var a = [1, 2, 3]
    var b = [6, 5, 4]
    
    var c = [...a, ...b]
    // c ?
    1. parse-args.js
    /**
     * 解析参数,返回特定格式
     *
     * @return {Array} [arr, options, cb]
     */
    
    function parseArgs (...args) {
      const last = args[args.length - 1]
      const type = typeof last
      let opts
      let cb
    
      if ('function' === type) {
        cb = args.pop()
        if ('object' === typeof args[args.length - 1]) {
          opts = args.pop()
        }
      } else if ('object' === type && !Array.isArray(last)) {
        opts = args.pop()
      } else if ('undefined' === type) {
        args.pop()
        return parseArgs(...args)
      }
    
      if (Array.isArray(args[0])) {
        args = args[0]
      }
      return [args, opts || {}, cb]
    }
    
    // parseArgs('users') ?
    // parseArgs('users', {}) ?
    // parseArgs('users', () => {}) ?
    // parseArgs('users', {}, () => {}) ?
    // parseArgs('users', 'books') ?
    // parseArgs(['users', 'books']) ?

Let + Const

变量、常量定义声明:

当满世界都是 var 的时候,变量管理是个神坑!

  • 块级作用域

  • const: 一次性声明

  • e.g.

    // old
    // 函数作用域下覆盖全局作用域
    var bar = 1
    var bar = 3
    function method () {
      console.log(bar) // undefined
      var bar = 2
    }
    
    // 变量泄漏
    var s = 'hello';
    for (var i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
      console.log(s[i]);
    }
    console.log(i); // 5
    // new
    let bar0 = 1
    let bar1 = 3
    
    function method () {
      console.log(bar0)
      let bar3 = 2
    }
    
    var s = 'hello';
    for (let i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
      console.log(s[i]);
    }
  • 猜猜猜

    1. global.js
    var a = 1
    let b = 2
    const c = 3
    
    // this.a ?
    // this.b ?
    // this.c ?
    1. for.js
    var s = 'hello';
    for (let i = 0; i < s.length; i++) {
      console.log(s[i]);
    }
    console.log(i); // ?

Iterators + For..Of

迭代器和 for..of

[...arr] 就是迭代器一个很好的例子。

  • 可迭代协议:ES6 定义了一套统一的标准,允许对 JavaScript 对象自定义它们的迭代行为。

  • 内置可迭代类型有 String,Array,TypedArray,Map,Set,因为在它们的原型对象上已经有了 [Symbol.iterator] 方法。

  • e.g.

    // old
    var arr = [1, 2, 3]
    
    for (let i in arr) {
      console.log(i)
    }
    // new
    var arr = [1, 2, 3]
    
    for (let i of arr) {
      console.log(i)
    }
  • 猜猜猜

    1. for-loops.js
    Array.prototype.arrCustom = function () {}
    var arr = [1, 2, 3]
    arr.isArray = true
    
    for (let i in arr) {
      console.log(i) // ?
    }
    
    for (let i of arr) {
      console.log(i) // ?
    }
    1. iterable.js
    var iterable = {
      [Symbol.iterator]() {
        return {
          i: 0,
          next () {
            return {
              done: this.i === 10,
              value: this.i++
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    
    for (const i of iterable) {
      console.log(i) // ?
    }
    
    // [...iterable] ?
    1. iterator.js
    var iterable = {
      [Symbol.iterator]() {
        return {
          i: 0,
          next () {
            const done = this.i === 10
            const value = done ? undefined : this.i++
            return { done, value }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    
    const iterator = iterable[Symbol.iterator]()
    
    iterator.next() // ?
    iterator.next() // ?
    iterator.next() // ?
    // ...
    
    const iterator2 = iterable[Symbol.iterator]()
    
    iterator2.next() // ?
    iterator2.next() // ?
    iterator2.next() // ?
    // ...

Generators

生成器:

生成器大杀器!

  • 可迭代

  • 遵循迭代器协议

  • 可在单个函数内 GeneratorFunction 自定义迭代逻辑,可以替代迭代器,功能更强大

  • 可中断

  • 可赋值

  • e.g.

    // old
    var iterable = {
      [Symbol.iterator]() {
        return {
          i: 0,
          next () {
            const done = this.i === 10
            const value = done ? undefined : this.i++
            return { done, value }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    const iterator = iterable[Symbol.iterator]()
    // new
    function* generatable () {
      for (let i = 0, l = 10; i < l; ++i) {
        yield i
      }
    }
    const iterator = generatable()
  • 猜猜猜

    1. generatable.js
    function* generatable () {
      for (let i = 0, l = 10; i < l; ++i) {
        yield i
      }
    }
    const iterator = generatable()
    
    for (const i of generatable()) {
      console.log(i) // ?
    }
    // [...generatable()] ?
    1. next.js
    function* range(min = 0, max = 10, step = 1) {
      for (; min < max; min += step) {
        let rest = yield min
        if (rest) min = step * -1
      }
    }
    
    const iterator = range()
    
    iterator.next() // ?
    iterator.next() // ?
    iterator.next() // ?
    iterator.next(true) // ?
    iterator.next() // ?
    iterator.next() // ?
    iterator.next() // ?
    
    const iterator2 = range(0, 100, 2)
    
    [...iterator2] // ?
    iterator.next() // ?
    1. return.js
    function* range(min = 0, max = 10, step = 1) {
      for (; min < max; min += step) {
        let rest = yield min
        if (rest) min = step * -1
      }
    }
    
    const iterator = range()
    iterator.next()
    iterator.next(true)
    iterator.next()
    iterator.return() // ?
    iterator.next() // ?
    iterator.return(1) // ?
    iterator.next() // ?
    1. yield.js
    function* g() {
      yield 1
      yield 2
      yield 3
      yield* [4, 5, 6]
      yield* 'Hello World!'
      yield 7
    }
    
    [...g()] // ?

Unicode

Unicode

  • 加强对 Unicode 的支持,并且扩展了字符串对象
  • e.g.

    // same as ES5.1
    "𠮷".length == 2
    
    // new RegExp behaviour, opt-in ‘u’
    "𠮷".match(/./u)[0].length == 2
    
    // new form
    "\u{20BB7}" == "𠮷" == "\uD842\uDFB7"
    
    // new String ops
    "𠮷".codePointAt(0) == 0x20BB7
    
    // for-of iterates code points
    for(var c of "𠮷") {
      console.log(c);
    }

Modules ?

模块化系统目前还未实现!

Subclassable Built-ins

子类可继承自内置数据类型

真的太方便了,比如想对 Array 进行扩展,现在无需修改 Array.prototypeextends Array 就可以了。

  • Array Boolean String Number Map Set Error RegExp Function Promise
  • e.g.

    // old
    // This is danger.
    Array.prototype.sum = function () {
      return this.reduce((t, curr) => t + curr, 0)
    }
    
    var a = [1, 2, 3]
    a.sum()
    // new
    class CustomArray extends Array {
      constructor (...args) {
        super(...args)
      }
    
      sum () {
        return this.reduce((t, curr) => t + curr, 0)
      }
    }
    
    var a = CustomArray.from([1, 2, 3])
    a.sum()
  • 猜猜猜

    1. middleware.js
    const SYMBOL_ITERATOR = Symbol.iterator
    
    class Middleware extends Array {
    
      [SYMBOL_ITERATOR] () {
        return this
      }
    
      next (i = 0, context, nextFunc) {
        const fn = this[i] || nextFunc
    
        return {
          done: i === this.length,
          value: fn && fn(context, () => {
            return this.next(i + 1, context, nextFunc).value
          })
        }
      }
    
      compose (context, nextFunc) {
        return this[SYMBOL_ITERATOR]().next(0, context, nextFunc).value
      }
    
    }
    
    const middleware = new Middleware()
    
    middleware.push((ctx, next) => {
      ctx.arr.push(1)
      next()
      ctx.arr.push(6)
    })
    
    middleware.push((ctx, next) => {
      ctx.arr.push(2)
      next()
      ctx.arr.push(5)
    })
    
    middleware.push((ctx, next) => {
      ctx.arr.push(3)
      next()
      ctx.arr.push(4)
    })
    
    const ctx = { arr: [] }
    middleware.compose(ctx)
    console.log(ctx.arr) // ?

Map + Set + WeakMap + WeakSet

新增 Map Set WeakMap WeakSet 几种高效的数据类型

  • e.g.

    // Sets
    var s = new Set();
    s.add("hello").add("goodbye").add("hello");
    s.size === 2;
    s.has("hello") === true;
    
    // Maps
    var m = new Map();
    m.set("hello", 42);
    m.set(s, 34);
    m.get(s) == 34;
    
    // Weak Maps
    var wm = new WeakMap();
    wm.set(s, { extra: 42 });
    wm.size === undefined
    
    // Weak Sets
    var ws = new WeakSet();
    ws.add({ data: 42 });
    // Because the added object has no other references, it will not be held in the set

Proxies

当我们不想把对象暴露出来,不想直接操作它们,想增加一层校验时,Proxies 是一个最佳方案。
但当增加了 Proxies 这一层,对性能还是会有影响的。

  • e.g.

    // old
    const inner = {
      name: 'ES6'
    }
    
    var outer = {
      inner,
      get name () {
        return this.inner.name
      },
      set name (name) {
        this.inner.name = name
      }
    }
    
    // outer.name
    // new
    const inner = {
      name: 'ES6'
    }
    
    var p = new Proxy(inner, {
      get (target, name) {
        return target[name]
      },
    
      set (target, name, value) {
        if ('string' !== typeof value) throw new TypeError('value must be String!')
        target[name] = value
      }
    })
    
    p.name
    p.name = 2
    p.name = 'ES2015'
  • 猜猜猜

    1. delegate-proxy.js
    function delegateProxy (target, origin) {
      return new Proxy(target, {
        get (target, key, receiver) {
          if (key in target) return Reflect.get(target, key, receiver)
          const value = origin[key]
          return 'function' === typeof value ? function method () {
            return value.apply(origin, arguments)
          } : value
        },
        set (target, key, value, receiver) {
          if (key in target) return Reflect.set(target, key, value, receiver)
          origin[key] = value
          return true
        }
      })
    }
    
    const bar = {
      n: 1,
    
      add (i) {
        this.n += i
      }
    }
    
    const foo = {
    
      set (n) {
        this.n = n | 0
      },
    
      sub (i) {
        this.n -= i
      }
    
    }
    
    const p = delegateProxy(foo, bar)
    
    bar
    foo
    p
    
    p.n       // ?
    p.add(1)
    p.n       // ?
    
    p.sub(2)
    p.n       // ?
    
    p.set(1)
    p.n       // ?
    
    p.n = 233
    p.n       // ?

符号:

- 唯一性

- 不可变

- 不列入对象的 `Object.getOwnPropertyNames(obj)` 和 `Object.keys(obj)`

- 安全(在一些场景下可以作为私有属性的 `key`)

想给对象打一个暗号,再也不难了!

  • e.g.

    // old
    let obj = {
      id: 1
    }
    
    obj.id      // 1
    obj.id = 2
    obj.id      // 2
    // new
    let obj = {
      [Symbol('id')]: 1
    }
    
    obj[Symbol('id')]      // undefined
    obj[Symbol('id')] = 2
    obj[Symbol('id')]      // undefined
    
    for (const k of Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(obj)) {
      console.log(obj[k])
    }

Math + Number + String + Array + Object APIs

新增 APIs,数据操作更加方便。

  • e.g.

    Number.EPSILON
    Number.isInteger(Infinity) // false
    Number.isNaN("NaN") // false
    
    Math.acosh(3) // 1.762747174039086
    Math.hypot(3, 4) // 5
    Math.imul(Math.pow(2, 32) - 1, Math.pow(2, 32) - 2) // 2
    
    "abcde".includes("cd") // true
    "abc".repeat(3) // "abcabcabc"
    
    Array.from(document.querySelectorAll("*")) // Returns a real Array
    Array.of(1, 2, 3) // Similar to new Array(...), but without special one-arg behavior
    [0, 0, 0].fill(7, 1) // [0,7,7]
    [1,2,3].findIndex(x => x == 2) // 1
    ["a", "b", "c"].entries() // iterator [0, "a"], [1,"b"], [2,"c"]
    ["a", "b", "c"].keys() // iterator 0, 1, 2
    ["a", "b", "c"].values() // iterator "a", "b", "c"
    
    Object.assign(Point, { origin: new Point(0,0) })

Binary and Octal Literals

二进制 b,八进制 o 字面量

  • e.g.

    0b111110111 === 503 // true
    0o767 === 503 // true
    0x1f7 === 503 // true

Promises

Promises:更加优雅的异步编程方式。想更加清晰了解 Promise 的执行过程,可以看这个可视化工具 promisees

面对异步编程,callback-hell 就是 JavaScript 给人的最大诟病!

  • e.g.

    // old
    getProfileById(233, (err, res) => {
      if (err) throw err
      getFollowing(233, (err, following) => {
        if (err) throw err
        getFollowers(233, (err, followers) => {
          if (err) throw err
          getStarred(233, (err, starred) => {
            if (err) throw err
            // ....
          })
        })
      })
    })
    // new
    getProfileById(233)
      .then(res => getFollowing(233))
      .then(res => getFollowers(233))
      .then(res => getStarred(233))
      .catch(err => console.log(err))
      // ...
  • 猜猜猜

    1. simple-promise.js
    function loadImage (url) {
      return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        const img = new Image()
    
        img.onload = function () {
          resolve(img)
        }
    
        img.onerror = function () {
          reject(new Error('Could not load image at ' + url))
        }
    
        img.url = url
      })
    }
    
    loadImage('https://nodejs.org/static/images/logo-header.png')
      .then(img => document.body.appendChild(img))
      .catch(err => console.log(err))
    1. all.js
    function delay(value, duration = 0) {
      return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        setTimeout(() => resolve(value), duration)
      })
    }
    
    let res = Promise.all([
      delay(10, 1),
      delay(8, 2),
      delay(6, 3),
      delay(4, 4),
      delay(2, 5),
      delay(0, 6),
    ])
    
    res.then(arr => {
      console.log(arr) // ?
    })
    1. race.js
    function delay(value, duration = 0) {
      return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
        setTimeout(() => resolve(value), duration)
      })
    }
    
    let res = Promise.race([
      delay(10, 1),
      delay(8, 2),
      delay(6, 3),
      delay(4, 4),
      delay(2, 5),
      delay(0, 6),
    ])
    
    res.then(arr => {
      console.log(arr) // ?
    })
    1. reduce.js
    const reduce = (arr, cb, initialValue = 0) => {
      return arr.reduce(cb, Promise.resolve(initialValue))
    }
    
    const cb = (prev, curr) => prev.then(v => v + curr)
    
    reduce([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9], cb)
      .then(res => {
        console.log(res) // ?
      })

反射 API:公开了对象的元操作,效果跟 Proxy API 相反

  • e.g.

    var O = {a: 1};
    Object.defineProperty(O, 'b', {value: 2});
    O[Symbol('c')] = 3;
    
    Reflect.ownKeys(O); // ['a', 'b', Symbol(c)]
    
    function C(a, b){
      this.c = a + b;
    }
    var instance = Reflect.construct(C, [20, 22]);
    instance.c; // 42

Tail Calls

优化了尾递归算法,保证栈不会无限增长,使得尾递归算法安全。

快速体验

对以上新特性,快速体验一番,环境包括 浏览器 和 Node.js

高级应用

深入学习特性,应用生产

兼容,代码转换

使用转换工具,对 ES6+ 的代码进行转换,适配浏览器或者 Node < v6

其他

License

授权:署名-非商业性使用


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