[DOCS] Concept cleanup 2 - ES settings

[shainaraskas]

This PR edits the Configuring Elasticsearch section to separate conceptual/instructional information from the ES settings reference.

only to be reviewed after #119016 is merged

Notable changes

Change	Link
Dedicated node.attr.<attribute-name> docs (these were buried in the shard allocation awareness docs)	Custom node attributes
Moved core data store concepts into child pages of the data store architecture section	Moved shard allocation awareness tutorial content into its own page Shard allocation awareness, extracted settings from the tutorial content to remain on the cluster settings page Shard allocation awareness settings Moved shard request cache conceptual docs into its own page The shard request cache (from request cache settings page Shard request cache settings)
Moved node role conceptual docs into its own page	Node roles
Moved info about the processes that are executed during downsampling out of the API docs and into the downsampling conceptual page	1, 2
Small tweak to pull conceptual content above setting content for watermark setting max headroom, simplify language, + removed low-value example	Max headroom
Refactored the "publishing the cluster state" concept page into a complete "cluster state" concept page - allowed me to remove dangling indices info from modules-gateway.html	Cluster state
Moved TCP readiness port docs to networking page so the remaining content on the page is just JVM options (which will not be included in the settings reference in future)	TCP readiness port, Set JVM options
Distributed important cluster settings that were only documented on "important cluster settings" page onto their relevant setting pages	cluster name to Miscellaneous cluster settings JVM heap dump path, gc logging, error file path to Set JVM options node name to node settings path settings to dedicated page: Path settings
Moved logging doc to monitoring section	Elasticsearch application logging
Refactored some misc sections linking between related sections into notes	n/a
Fixed some section nesting	n/a
Alphabetized setting pages (they were NEARLY alphabetical)	n/a

TODO

• Networking page has a dense mixture of conceptual info and settings info - will split it in a later PR
• new path settings page needs to be refined to just have settings only

[github-actions]

Documentation preview:

• ✨ Changed pages

[elasticsearchmachine]

Pinging @elastic/es-docs (Team:Docs)

[leemthompo]

LGTM. I couldn't find anything that looked out of place in the linked previews :)

[shainaraskas]

💚 All backports created successfully

Status	Branch	Result
✅	8.x
✅	8.17

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