[tool] Change gradle-check logic to enforce alignment of java versions and a minimum (17)

[reidbaker]

Hold review/merge until #10201 has merged.
This pr is code review feedback from #10201 (comment)

• Update gradle-check to support minimum java version and validating java version alignment

Pre-Review Checklist

• I read the [Contributor Guide] and followed the process outlined there for submitting PRs.
• I read the [Tree Hygiene] page, which explains my responsibilities.
• I read and followed the [relevant style guides] and ran [the auto-formatter].
• I signed the [CLA].
• The title of the PR starts with the name of the package surrounded by square brackets, e.g. [shared_preferences]
• I [linked to at least one issue that this PR fixes] in the description above.
• I updated pubspec.yaml with an appropriate new version according to the [pub versioning philosophy], or I have commented below to indicate which [version change exemption] this PR falls under[^1].
• I updated CHANGELOG.md to add a description of the change, [following repository CHANGELOG style], or I have commented below to indicate which [CHANGELOG exemption] this PR falls under[^1].
• I updated/added any relevant documentation (doc comments with ///).
• I added new tests to check the change I am making, or I have commented below to indicate which [test exemption] this PR falls under[^1].
• All existing and new tests are passing.

[gemini-code-assist]

Code Review

This pull request updates the Java compatibility version to 17 across multiple Android packages and enhances the gradle-check tool to enforce this new minimum version and ensure version alignment within build.gradle files. The changes also include numerous formatting updates in Dart files, likely from an auto-formatter.

My review focuses on the new validation logic in gradle-check. While the new checks are a great improvement, I've identified a potential issue in how Java versions are parsed, which could lead to incorrect validation in some edge cases. I've provided a suggestion to make the parsing more robust.