Please visit the pb-assembly Final Resting Place: Official pb-assembly repo
PacBio Assembly Tool Suite: Reads in ⇨ Assembly out
- Availability
- Scope
- General Overview
- What's New in PB Assembly
- Usage
- Configuration
- Example Data Set
- FAQ
- Acknowledgements
- Citations
- Disclaimer
The latest pre-release, experts-only linux/mac binaries can be installed via bioconda.
conda install pb-assemblyAlternatively, if you don't have administrator access you can install the pb-assembly suite into an environment in your $HOME directory
conda create -n denovo_asm
source activate denovo_asm
conda install pb-assemblyIf you are looking for a GUI based long read de novo genome assembler, you are urged to learn about HGAP4
These binaries are not ISO compliant. For research only. Not for use in diagnostics procedures.
No support for source builds. No support via mail to developers. Please do not contact a PacBio Field Applications Scientist or PacBio Customer Service for assistance. Please file GitHub issues here for problems and questions.
This is an early beta! Expect extreme changes and different output between versions until release of the first stable release. Furthermore, new parameters may be added or changed at any time so please proceed with caution.
pb-assembly is the bioconda recipe encompassing all code and dependencies necessary to run the FALCON assembly pipeline, subsequent extended phasing of a genome with FALCON-Unzip and polishing with Arrow.
Installed package recipes include:
- pb-falcon
- pb-dazzler
- genomicconsensus
- etc (all other dependencies)
FALCON and FALCON-Unzip are de novo genome assemblers for PacBio long reads, also known as Single-Molecule Real-Time (SMRT) sequences. FALCON is a diploid-aware assembler which follows the hierarchical genome assembly process (HGAP) and is optimized for large genome assembly (e.g. non-microbial). FALCON produces a set of primary contigs (p-contigs) as the primary assembly and a set of alternate contigs (a-contigs) which represent divergent allelic variants. Each a-contig is associated with a homologous genomic region on an p-contig.
FALCON-Unzip is a true diploid assembler. It takes the contigs from FALCON and phases the reads based on heterozygous SNPs identified in the initial assembly. It then produces a set of partially-phased primary contigs and fully-phased haplotigs which represent divergent haplotypes.
The hierarchical genome assembly process proceeds in two rounds. The first round involves
the selection of seed reads or the longest reads in the dataset (user-defined length_cutoff). All
shorter reads are aligned to the seed reads, in order to generate consensus sequences with high accuracy.
We refer to these as pre-assembled reads and they can also be thought of as “error corrected” reads. Preassembled reads tend to have accuracy > 99%.
In the next round of HGAP, the preads are aligned to each other and assembled into genomic contigs.
Assembly is typically followed by a round of polishing where all raw PacBio subreads are aligned to the draft contigs and genomic consensus is performed. Polishing greatly increases base quality of the assembly.
For more complex genomes assembled with FALCON, “bubbles” in the contig-assembly graph that result from structural variation between haplotypes may be resolved as associate and primary contigs. The unzip process will extend haplotype phasing beyond “bubble” regions, increasing the amount of phased contig sequence. It is important to note that while individual haplotype blocks are phased, phasing does not extend between haplotigs. Thus, in part C) of the figure below, haplotig_1 and haplotig_2 may originate from different parental haplotypes. Additional information is needed to phase the haplotype blocks with each other such as Hi-C, see FALCON-Phase as a method for extended phasing.
Below are examples of alignments between associate and primary contigs from FALCON, and haplotigs and primary contigs from FALCON-Unzip.
(September 2018)
-
Repeat Masking Integration of Tandem repeat masking (done) and general repeat masking (in progress)
-
New! GFA and Placement Files -GFA-1 and GFA-2 output for assembly graphs -placement files for associate contigs (contig.gfa2)
-
Increased Accuracy of Associate Contigs -algorithm and alignment improvements (Edlib integration)
-
Performance Improvements -general workflow and resource specification improvements -easier integration of future features with Pbsmrtpipe
-
Improved Haplotig Extraction -algorithm and data structure improvements reduce haplotype switching and improve extraction -can now handle circular contigs!
-
New! Placement Files -haplotig placement (PAF format) generated in 3-unzip stage
-
Performance Improvements -use of minimap2 instead of BLASR for phasing in Unzip reduces time and memory requirements -unzipping and polishing now part of single workflow
fc_run fc_run.cfgfc_unzip.py fc_unzip.cfgBoth FALCON and FALCON-Unzip take a config file as their only input parameter.
Here is a sample fc_run.cfg that was designed to work with the 200kb test case found below.
Here is a sample fc_run.cfg that was used with a recent ~2.9Gb human genome assembly.
The FALCON pipeline has three main steps which occur in distinct directories:
| Subdirectory | Description |
|---|---|
0-rawreads |
raw read overlapping and consensus calling, also known as pre-assembly |
1-preads_ovl |
pre-assembled read overlapping or pread overlapping |
2-asm-falcon |
contig assembly |
Many of the tools that comprise the FALCON Assembly pipeline were written by Gene Meyers and are extensively documented at his dazzlerblog.
Below is a breakdown of the configuration options available to FALCON:
[General]
input_fofn=input.fofn
input_type=raw
pa_DBdust_option=true
pa_fasta_filter_option=streamed-medianYour list of paths to the input fasta files is specified in your input_fofn and your input_type can be
either raw or preads. If specifying preads, the pipeline will skip the entire 0-rawreads pre-assembly phase.
By default, dusting is turned on and is run after generating the raw read database with default options as
recommended by Gene Meyer's. If you wish to modify your
dusting parameters you can set the
flag pa_DBdust_option.
Filtering options for your input data for pre-assembly can also be set with the pa_fasta_filter_option flag. The default is streamed-median which uses the median-length subread for each ZMW (sequencing reaction well). Choosing the longest subread can lead to an enrichment in chimeric molecules. Users will rarely need to change this option from the default.
Recognized values are described below.
| Value | Setting |
|---|---|
| pass | The no-op filter - passes every FASTA record to the database. |
| median | Applies the median-length ZMW filter by running two passes over the data. Only one subread per ZMW is output, based on median-length selection. |
| streamed-median | Applies the median-length ZMW filter by running a single-pass over the data. The input subreads should be groupped by ZMW. |
| internal-median | Applies the median-length ZMW filter only on internal subreads (ZMWs with >= 3 subreads) by running two passes over the data. For ZMWs with < 3 subreads, the maximum-length one is selected. |
| streamed-internal-median | Applies the median-length ZMW filter only on internal subreads (ZMWs with >= 3 subreads) by running a single pass over the data. The input subreads should be groupped by ZMW. For ZMWs with < 3 subreads, the maximum-length one is selected. |
# large genomes
pa_DBsplit_option=-x500 -s200
ovlp_DBsplit_option=-x500 -s200
# small genomes (<10Mb)
pa_DBsplit_option = -x500 -s50
ovlp_DBsplit_option = -x500 -s50For the first and second stages of FALCON, the data needs to be read in to a
dazzler DB. The -x flag filters
reads smaller than what's specified while the -s flag controls the size of DB blocks. The -a option should not be used here in conjunction with pa_fasta_filter_option=pass as it uses all reads per ZMW which can lead to errors is preassembly.
pa_HPCTANmask_option=
pa_REPmask_code=0,300;0,300;0,300Repeat masking occurs in two phases, Tandem and Interspersed. Tandem repeat masking is run
with a modified version of daligner called datander and thus uses a similar
parameter set. Whatever settings you use
for pre-assembly daligner overlapping in the next section (pa_daligner_option) will be used here for tandem repeat masking. You can
supply additional arguments for tandem repeat masking that will be passed to HPC.TANmask with the
pa_HPCTANmask_option.
The second phase of masking deals with interspersed repeats and can be run in up to 3 iterations specified with the
pa_REPmask_code option. The parameters needed for each iteration are both the group size and coverage specified
as group,coverage pairs separated by semicolons as seen above.
For information and theory on how to set up your rounds of repeat masking, consult this blog post.
genome_size=1000000000
seed_coverage=30
length_cutoff=-1
pa_HPCdaligner_option=-v -B128 -M24
pa_daligner_option=-e0.8 -l2000 -k18 -h480 -w8 -s100
falcon_sense_option=--output-multi --min-idt 0.70 --min-cov 3 --max-n-read 400
falcon_sense_greedy=FalseDuring pre-assembly, the PacBio subreads are aligned and error correction is performed. The longest subreads are chosen as seed reads and all shorter reads are aligned to them and consensus sequences are generated from the alignments. These consensus sequences are called pre-assembled reads or preads and generally have accuracy greater than 99% or QV20.
If you wish to auto-calculate your seed read coverage, then it's necessary to enter your genome_size in base
pairs, the desired seed_coverage as well as set length_cutoff=-1 to force the auto-calculation. We generally recommend 20-40x seed coverage. Alternatively,
if you don't know your genome size, are unsure of the seed_coverage you would like to use or if you would rather
just leverage all reads above a specific length, you can use the the length_cutoff flag to
manually set that limit. It's important to note that whatever value length_cutoff gets set to is a limit that
carries through to the unzipping algorithm, and any reads smaller than that cutoff will not be used for phasing.
For assembly alone, there is likely no harm in setting a high length_cutoff, unless you are expecting a certain
feature like micro chromosomes or short circular plasmids. Howevere, if you are planning to unzip, then you will be
artificially limiting your phasing dataset and it's probably in your interest to have a
lower length_cutoff. The majority of computation occurs in preassembly so if compute time is important to you, increasing length_cutoff will increase efficiency but with the tradeoffs described above.
Overlap options for daligner are set with the pa_HPCdaligner_option and pa_daligner_option flags. Previous
versions of FALCON had a single parameter. This is now split into two flags, one that affects requested
resources pa_HPCdaligner_option and one that affects the overlap search pa_daligner_option.
For pa_HPCdaligner_option, the -v parameter is passed to the LAsort and LAmerge programs while -B and -M
parameters are passed to the daligner sub-commands.
To understand the theory and how to configure daligner see
this blog post
and this command reference guide.
In general we recommend the following:
e: average correlation rate (average sequence identity) -0.70 (low quality data) - 0.80 (high quality data) -0.75 or higher for outbred organisms to present haplotype collapse in preassembly
l: minimum length of overlap -1000 (shorter library) - 5000 (longer library)
k: kmer size -14 (low quality data) - 18 (high quality data) -lower k has higher sensitivity, uses more storage and memoery, runs slower, better for lower quality data -higher k has higher specificity, uses less storage and memory, runs faster, better for high quality data
You can configure basic pre-assembly consensus calling options with the falcon_sense_option flag. The --output-multi
flag is necessary for generating proper fasta headers and should not be removed unless your specific use case requires
it. The parameters --min-idt, --min-cov and --max-n-read set the minimum alignment identity, minimum
coverage necessary and max number of reads, respectively, for calling consensus to make the preads.
By default, -fo are the parameters passed to LA4Falcon. The option falcon_sense_greedy changes this
parameter set to -fog which essentially attempts to maintain relative information between reads that have
been broken due to regions of low quality.
ovlp_daligner_option=-e.96 -s1000 -h60 -t32
ovlp_HPCdaligner_option=-v -M24 -l500The second phase of error-corrected read overlapping occurs in a similar fashion to the overlapping performed in the pre-assembly, however no repeat masking is performed and no consensus is called. Overlaps are identified and fed into the final assembly. The parameter options work the same way as described above in the pre-assembly section.
Recommendation for preads: e: average correlation rate (average sequence identity) -0.93 (inbred) - 0.96 (outbred)
l: minimum length of overlap -1800 (poor preassembly, short/low quality library) - 6000 (long, high quality library)
k: kmer size -18 (low quality) - 24 (most cases)
overlap_filtering_setting=--max-diff 100 --max-cov 100 --min-cov 2
fc_ovlp_to_graph_option=
length_cutoff_pr=1000The option overlap_filter_setting allows setting criteria for filtering pread overlaps.
--max-diff filters overlaps that have a coverage difference between the 5' and 3' ends larger than specified.
--max-cov filters highly represented overlaps typically caused by contaminants or repeats and --min-cov allows
specification of a minimum overlap coverage. Setting --min-cov too low will allow more overlaps to be detected
at the expense of additional chimeric / mis-assemblies.
length_cutoff_pr is the minimum length of pre-assembled preads used for the final assembly. Typically, this value
is set to allow for approximately 15 to 30-fold coverage of corrected reads in the final assembly.
Additional configuration options that don't necessarily fit into one of the previous categories are described here.
target=assembly
skip_checks=False
LA4Falcon_preload=falseFALCON can be configured to stop after any of its three stages with the target flag set to either
overlapping, pre-assembly or assembly. Each option will stop the pipeline at the end of its corresponding
stage, 0-rawreads, 1-preads_ovl or 2-asm-falcon respectively. The default is full assembly pipeline.
The flag skip_checks disables .las file checks with LAcheck which has been known to cause errors on certain
systems in the past.
The option LA4Falcon_preload passes the -P parameter to LA4Falcon which causes all the reads to be loaded
into memory. On slow filesystems this can speed things up significantly; but it will dramatically increase the
memory requirement for the consensus stage.
[job.defaults]
job_type=sge
pwatcher_type=blocking
JOB_QUEUE = default
MB = 32768
NPROC = 6
njobs = 32
submit = qsub -S /bin/bash -sync y -V \
-q ${JOB_QUEUE} \
-N ${JOB_NAME} \
-o "${JOB_STDOUT}" \
-e "${JOB_STDERR}" \
-pe smp ${NPROC} \
-l h_vmem=${MB}M \
"${JOB_SCRIPT}"
[job.step.da]
NPROC=4
MB=49152
njobs=240Default job configuration options are specified in the [job.defaults] section of your config file. The first
option you should set is for the job_type. Allowed values are sge, pbs, torque, slurm, lsf and local.
If running on a cluster, you need to configure the submit string to work with your job scheduler. The submit
string in the sample above is a tested and working SGE submit string. If you are running in local mode on a
single machine, the submit string should be something like submit=bash -C ${CMD} >| ${STDOUT_FILE} 2>| ${STDERR_FILE}.
Next, you need to tell FALCON how to deal with pipeline flow control by setting your process watcher pwatcher_type.
There two possible values you can set, either blocking or fs_based. fs_based is the default and relies on
the pipeline polling the file system periodically to determine whether a sentinel file has appeared that would
signal the pipeline to continue. The other option is to use a blocking process watcher which can help with
systems that have issues with filesystem latency. In this case, the end of the job is determined by the finishing
of the system call, rather than by file system polling.
Next you will find your job distribution settings. You will find settings for your default job queue JOB_QUEUE,
memory allocated per job MB, number of processors per job NPROC as well as number of concurrently running
jobs njobs.
Each stage of the assembly pipeline can be given different default parameters with different [job.step.*] sections.
There are 6 optional stages you can configure by using different 2-3 letter codes. da and la refer to
pre-assembly daligner jobs and pre-assembly LAshow/LAsort jobs respectively. cns refers
to the pread consensus calling stage. pda and pla refer to the pread daligner overlapping and pread
LAshow/LAsort stages respectively while asm refers to the final assembly. If you omit a specific [job.step.*]
section, the [job.defaults] will be applied. [job.step.da], [job.step.la], [job.step.cns], [job.step.pda],
[job.step.pla], and [job.step.asm] are the available sections.
FALCON-Unzip has two main steps which occur in distinct directories:
| Subdirectory | Description |
|---|---|
3-unzip |
read alignment, SNP calling, read phasing, and diploid assembly of primary contigs and haplotigs |
4-quiver |
phased polishing in which reads are used to polish in a haplotype-specific manner using BLASR and arrow |
[General]
max_n_open_files = 1000
[Unzip]
input_fofn=input.fofn
input_bam_fofn=input_bam.fofnFALCON-Unzip configuration is quite simple as the majority of the options have to do
exclusively with job distribution. The first and only setting in the [General] section is for max_n_open_files.
During the read tracking stage the pipeline can be writing to many .sam files at the same time. This can cause
problems with certain networked filesystems, so the default is to set max_n_open_files=300. Feel free to raise
this number if file system latency is not an issue for you.
Similar to FALCON, the parameter input_fofn simply refers to the input file of fasta names. This setting should
be redundant with your fc_run.cfg. Finally, if you wish to polish your unzipped genome, you will need to also
specify a list of your input bam files with input_bam_fofn.
Here is a sample fc_unzip.cfg that will need to be tuned to your compute environment.
Configuration of your [job.defaults] section is identical to FALCON as described previously. The only difference
are the job specific settings specific to FALCON-Unzip. Available sections are [job.step.unzip_track_reads],
[job.step.unzip_blasr_aln], [job.step.unzip.phasing] and [job.step.unzip.hasm]
To test your installation above you can download and run this small 200kb test case.
git clone https://github.com/cdunn2001/git-sym.git
git clone https://github.com/pb-cdunn/FALCON-examples.git
cd FALCON-examples
../git-sym/git-sym update run/greg200k-sv2
Once you have the data, you can test the pipeline in local or distributed mode by editing the fc_run.cfg file found in the run directory.
cd run/greg200k-sv2
fc_run fc_run.cfg
fc_unzip.py fc_unzip.cfgIf everything was installed properly the test case will exit cleanly and you should find fasta files with a
size greater than 0 in the 4-quiver/cns-output directory.
https://github.com/PacificBiosciences/pbbioconda/issues
Please use this handy bug report template.
Yes. The option input_type can be set to either raw or preads. In the case of the latter,
fc_run.py will assume the fasta files in input_fofn are all error-corrected reads and it
will ignore any pre-assembly step and go directly into the final assembly overlapping step.
Primary contigs can be thought of as the longest continuous stretches of assembled sequence, while
associate contigs can be thought of mostly as structural variants that occur over the length of the
primary contigs. Thus, each alternate primary contig configuration (associated contig) can be
"associated" with its primary based on its XXXXXXF prefix.
Some basic information about how the associated contigs are generated can be found in this speakerdeck, and also here (pg.14-15).
Conceptually, if a genome is haploid, then all contigs should be primary contigs. However, often there will usually still be some associated contigs generated. This is likely due to:
- Sequencing errors
- Segmental duplications
For the first case, Quiver should help by filtering out low quality contigs. Since there is more sequence in the set of primary contigs for blasr to anchor reads and there is no true unique region in the erroneous associated contigs, the raw read coverage of them should be low. We can thus filter low quality associated contig consensus as there won't be much raw read data to support them.
For the second case, one could potentially partition the reads into different haplotype groups and construct an assembly graph for each haplotype and generate contigs accordingly.
If a genome is a diploid, most of the associated contigs will be locally alternative alleles. Typically, when there are big structural variations between homologous chromosomes, there will be alternative paths in the assembly graph and the alternative paths correspond to the associated contigs. In such case, the primary contigs are “fused contigs” from both haplotypes.
FALCON-Unzip is currently being developed to resolve the haplotypes so haplotigs can be generated. Two videos illustrating the concept - (Video 1 , Video 2)
A slide illustrating the method on a synthetic genome.
The file a_ctg_base.fasta contains the sequences in the primary contigs fasta that correspond to the associated
contigs inside a_ctg.fasta. Namely, each sequence of a_ctg_base.fasta is a contiguous sub-sequence of a primary
contig. For each sequence inside a_ctg_base.fasta, there are one or more associated contigs in a_ctg.fasta.
It's useful to first understand that not all genomes are alike. Haploid genomes are the ideal use case of genome assembly since there is only one haplotype phase present and assembly is trivial if you have reads long enough to span repeats. Diploid and (allo/auto)polyploid genomes become difficult as there are two or more haplotype phases present. This fact, coupled with widely varying levels of heterozygosity and structural variation lead to complications during the assembly process. To understand your FALCON output, it's useful to look at this supplemental figure from the FALCON-Unzip paper:
Consider the first line as a cartoon illustrating 3 ranges of heterozygosity (low/medium/high). In general, all genomes will have regions that fall into each of these three categories depending on organismal biology. During the first step of the FALCON assembly process, a diploid aware assembly graph is generated. At this point, in medium heterozygosity regions structural variation information is captured as bubbles or alternative pathways in the assembly graph whereas at high levels of heterozygosity the haplotype phases assemble into distinct primary assembly graphs.
The FALCON-Unzip add-on module to the FALCON pipeline is an attempt to leverage the heterozygous SNP information to phase the medium level heterozygosity regions of the genome. Low heterozygosity regions have insufficient SNP density for phasing, while high heterozygosity regions will likely have already been assembled as distinct haplotypes in the primary contigs.
FALCON-Unzip yields two fasta files. One containing primary contigs, and one containing haplotigs. The primary contigs fasta file is the main output that most people consider first and should consist of the majority of your genome. Primary contigs are considered partially-phased. What this means is that even after the unzipping process, certain regions with insufficient SNP density are unable to be phased and are thus represented as collapsed haplotypes. The presence of these regions of low heterozygosity makes it impossible to maintain phase across the entire primary contig. Therefore, primary contigs may contain phase-switches between unzipped regions. The haplotigs file will consist of regions of the genome that are able to be unzipped or phased and are considered fully phased. This means there should be no phase switching within a haplotig and each haplotig should represent only one phase. See this figure for reference:
It's also important to note that in high heterozygosity situations, we often see the primary contig fasta file approaching 1.5X+ the expected haploid genome size, due to the assembly of both phases of certain chromosomes or chromosomal regions in the primary assembly.
Also, one needs to consider that FALCON-Unzip was designed to phase the plant and fungal genomes in the 2016 Nature Methods paper above. Many people have successfully used it to help phase their genome of interest, but as always with free software on the internet, your results may vary.
The magnitude of haplotype divergence determines the structure of the resulting FALCON-Unzip assembly. Genomic regions with low heterozygosity will be assembled as a collapsed haplotype on a single primary contig. Haplotypes up to ~5% diverged will be unzipped, while highly divergent haplotypes will be assembled on different primary contigs. In the latter case, it is up to the user to identify these contigs as homologous using gene annotation or sequence alignment.
For a variety of FALCON-Unzip assemblies, here is the distribution of haplotype divergence for unzipped regions.
Each haplotig was aligned to the corresponding primary contig with nucmer,
filtered with delta-filter and divergence was estimated with show-coords. (Data credits to John Williams, Tim Smith,
Paolo Ajmone-Marsan, David Hume, Erich Jarvis, John Henning, Dave Hendrix, Carlos Machado, and Iago Hale).
Preassembly performance is summarized in the file: 0-rawreads/report/pre_assembly_stats.json.
$ cat 0-rawreads/report/pre_assembly_stats.json
"genome_length": 4652500,
"length_cutoff": 15000,
"preassembled_bases": 350302363,
"preassembled_coverage": 75.293,
"preassembled_mean": 10730.33,
"preassembled_n50": 16120,
"preassembled_p95": 22741,
"preassembled_reads": 32646,
"preassembled_seed_fragmentation": 1.451, # total preads / seed reads
"preassembled_seed_truncation": 4453.782, # ave bp lost per pread due to low cov
"preassembled_yield": 0.758, # total pread bp / seed read bp
"raw_bases": 964281429,
"raw_coverage": 207.261,
"raw_mean": 10626.042,
"raw_n50": 14591,
"raw_p95": 23194,
"raw_reads": 90747,
"seed_bases": 461851093,
"seed_coverage": 99.269,
"seed_mean": 20029.103,
"seed_n50": 19855,
"seed_p95": 28307,
"seed_reads": 23059
A note on these statistics: in the process of created preads, seeds read bases with insufficient
raw read coverage (specific by --min_cov in falcon_sense_option) will cause the read to be split or truncated. The preassembled seed
fragmentation, truncation, and yield stats summarize the quality of pread assembly.
A good preassembled yield should be greater than 50%. Insufficient coverage or low quality data are common reasons for poor preassembled yield.
FALCON was designed for whole genome shotgun assembly rather than amplicon assembly. In whole genome shotgun assembly we suppress repetitive high copy regions to assemble less repetitive regions first. When you assemble the PCR product of a short region in a genome, FALCON sees the whole thing as a high copy repeat and filters out a significant portion of the data.
You can try to downsample your data and make the daligner block size even smaller ( reduce -s50 in
pa_DBsplit_option ) and increase the overlap filter thresholds (--max_diff 100
--max_cov 100 in overlap_filtering_setting) to try to make it work. However, this use case is not really within
the scope of the FALCON algorithm.
Associate contig IDs contain the name of their primary contig but the precise location of alignment must
be determined with third party tools such as NUCmer. For example, in a FALCON assembly, 000123F-010-01
is an associated contig to primary contig 000123F. In a FALCON-Unzip assembly, 000123F_001 is a haplotig
of primary contig 000123F. The alignment position can be found in a PAF file: 3-unzip/all_h_ctg.paf. The alignment coordinates after polishing is not yet produced but can be generated through alignments.
Thanks to Jason Chin for the original concept and Chris Dunn/Ivan Sovic for their numerous improvements.
- FALCON/FALCON-Unzip Chin et al. (2016) Nature Methods 13:1050–1054
- HGAP Chin et al. (2013) Nature Methods 10:563-9
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