24 entries with missing information

[jhpoelen]

	docId	docOrigin	docISBN	docName	docMasterId	docPageNumber	derivedFrom	name	interpretedGenus	interpretedSpecies	interpretedAuthorityName	interpretedAuthorityYear	commonNames	taxonomy	subspeciesAndDistribution	descriptiveNotes	habitat	foodAndFeeding	breeding	activityPatterns	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization	statusAndConservation	bibliography	distributionImageURL	verbatimText
205	0383245F2223977C8F09F4DEF81EFB14	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinonycteridae_194.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ffba5c272223977c8e73f509ffb1ffd0	194	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/83/24/0383245F2223977C8F09F4DEF81EFB14.xml					NA													Family RHINONYCTERIDAE (TRIDENT BATS) • Small insectivorous bats with rather small ears lacking tragus and typically large complex noseleaves that, in all but one species, have posterior margins with three tall pointed processes forming trident-like structures. • 6-12 cm. • Afrotropical, Australasian, and marginally Palearctic Regions. • From dry savannas to forest savannas and forests in tropics, marginally in subtropics. • 4 genera, 9 species, 9 taxa. • 1species Vulnerable; none extinct since 1600.
296	038D264C754FD70B84D4FE3C55D7FB15	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Nycteridae_374.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ffb45e34754fd70b851affef527effbd	374	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/8D/26/038D264C754FD70B84D4FE3C55D7FB15.xml					NA													Family NYCTERIDAE (SLIT-FACED BATS) • Small to medium-sized with relatively long and thick pelage, small eyes, distinctive cleft running longitudinally along muzzle that covers noseleaves, and long ears. • 7-17cm. • Afrotropical and Indo-Malayan regions. • Deserts, arid grasslands, savannas, and tropical forests from sea level to mid-elevations on mountains. • 1 genus, 15 species, 15 axa. • 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
377	039187AC5C3E2A53F32608B938D2FB28	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Furipteridae_412.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ffa8ffd45c3e2a53f03609113f64ffc4	412	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/91/87/039187AC5C3E2A53F32608B938D2FB28.xml					NA													Family FURIPTERIDAE (SMOKY BAT THUMBLESS BAT) • Small bats with thumb embedded in patagium, except tiny claw; pair of functional abdominal mammae; long, thick smoky to slate-gray dorsal fur, paler on venter;tail encased in uropatagium; muzzle blunt with oval or triangular nostrils; and large funnel-shaped ears. • 5-8 cm. • Neotropical Region. • Deserts into tropical deciduous and evergreen forests. • 2 genera, 2 species, 2 taxa. • 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
627	03A637439157FFEBE687C89F289BA554	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Mormoopidae_424.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9f4f3b9157ffebe472c9232f51a072	424	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/37/03A637439157FFEBE687C89F289BA554.xml					NA													Family MORMOOPIDAE (GHOSTFACED, NAKED-BACKED AND MUSTACHED BATS) • Smallto medium-sized bats characterized by small eyes, large and funnel-shaped ears and complex lower lips with flap-like outgrowths. • 5-11 cm. • Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. • Arid and semiarid regions to coastal lowlands, tropical rainforest, and montane forests up to elevations of 2700 m . • 2 genera, 18 species, 24 taxa. •] species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600.
742	03A687BCFFB1FFB111F5FE0AF85BF766	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	444	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFFB1FFB111F5FE0AF85BF766.xml					NA													Family PHYLLOSTOMIDAE (NEW WORLD LEAF-NOSED BATS) • Relatively small to medium-sized bats with a usually welldevelopedfleshy noseleat above nostrils; great variation nN size. • 3.5-15. 5 cm . • Nearctic and Neotropical Regions . • Tropical rainforests, tropical dry forests, subtropical cloudforests, transformed landscapes, and deserts. • 60 genera, 217 species, 295 taxa . • 1 species Critically Endangered, 6 species Endangered, 7 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
930	03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	143	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648.xml					NA													150. Island Flying Fox Pleropus hypomelanus French: Roussette hypomélane / German: Inselflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador pequeno Other common names: Small Flying Fox , Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) Taxonomy. Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72. Habitat. Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h. Breeding. Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days. Activity patterns. Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox. Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aziz et al. (2017), Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008), Heaney et al. (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Jones & Kunz (2000), Koopman (1979), Metrione et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b).
984	03AD87FAFFC4F62A883F35AAF85BFB5F	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	16	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFC4F62A883F35AAF85BFB5F.xml					NA													Family PTEROPODIDAE (OLD WORLD FRUIT BATS) • Small to verylarge fruit and nectar feeding bats ofthe Old Worldtropics. • 6-40 cm. • Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions. • From montane and lowland tropical rainforests to open woodlands and desert. • 46 genera, 191 species, at least 330 extant taxa. • • 8 species Critically Endangered, 16 species Endangered, 37 species Vulnerable; 6 species Extinct since 1600.
1121	03B0BC062413FFD5FC8BEB8EF84CFB3A	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Myzopodidae_388.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff89c47e2413ffd5ff87ea47ff90ffc9	388	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/B0/BC/03B0BC062413FFD5FC8BEB8EF84CFB3A.xml					NA													Family MYZOPODIDAE ( MADAGASCAR SUCKER-FOOTED BATS) • Relatively small insectivorous bats, with distinctive sucker-like structure on wrists and ankles, as well as elon-gated ears with mushroom-like structure at their bases. • 9-11 cm. • Afrotropical Region ( Madagascar ). • Humid and dry deciduous forests, forest edges, and open areas with palms, and often marshy areas. • 1 genus, 2 species, 2 taxa. • No species threatened; none Extinct since 1600.
1203	03BD87A2C676A204FC35FDF5F6AE45AE	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Hipposideridae_210.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff84ffdac676a204fff8ff9affef4346	227	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/BD/87/03BD87A2C676A204FC35FDF5F6AE45AE.xml					NA													Family HIPPOSIDERIDAE (OLD WORLD LEAF-NOSED BATS) • Small to large-sized insectivorous bats with soft fine pelage; small eyes; and distinctive, large, but simple noseleaves on top of muzzles. • 7-16 cm. • Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions . • Deserts, arid grasslands, savannas, tropical forests, from sea level to mid-elevations on mountains. • 7 genera, 88 species, 129 taxa. • 2 species Critically Endangered, 1 Endangered, 13 Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
1504	03D587F2FFCF4C04FEC43712F67EF9CD	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Emballorunidae.pdf.imd	hash://md5/ffecff8affcf4c04ffa53577fff8ffe9	349	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/D5/87/03D587F2FFCF4C04FEC43712F67EF9CD.xml					NA													Family EMBALLONURIDAE (SHEATH-TAILED BATS) • Small- to medium-sized insectivorous bats with tail protruding above uropatagium radio-metacarpal sacs and gular sac often prominent in males. • 3-5-17 cm. • Afrotropical , Indo-Malayan, Australasian , Neotropical, and Holarctic (marginally) Regions. • Closed and open forests to savannas and semi-deserts. • 14 genera, 54 species , 94 taxa. • 1 species Critically Endangered, 2 Endangered, 3 Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
1551	03DABE4AFFE0FFA056EA45CEF873CD9F	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Noctilionidae_404.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ffe3c632ffe0ffa057444405ffa9c95b	404	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/DA/BE/03DABE4AFFE0FFA056EA45CEF873CD9F.xml					NA													Family NOCTILIONIDAE (BULLDOG BATS) • Medium to large bats with very short fur; large, flappy cheek pouches and pointy, elongated ears; dull grayto bright orange pelage, with adult males tending to be brighter than females; very broad uropatagium; and medium to very large hindclaws. • 813 cm . • Neotropical and Nearctic (marginally) Regions. • Forests and savannas as long as there are some trees for roosting and water bodies for foraging. •] genus, 2 species, 7 taxa. • No species threatened; none Extinct since 1600.
3094	194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf	hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce	625	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240.xml					NA													14. Bonda Mastiff Bat Molossus currentium Fund : Mousse de Banda Gımıııı Bonda-Samtfledermaus Spanish Moloso de Bonds Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat Thxonomy . Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic. Distribution . Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia . Descriptive notes . Head—body 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec Mastifi Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66. Habitat . Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and flooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America. Food and Feeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets. Breeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july. Activity patterns. Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs. Movements, Home range and Soda! organization . Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with Argentine Serotines (Eptesiaısfıııinalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis ( Myotis nigricans ), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida). Status and Conservation . Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,...... Bibliography Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan & Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eısenberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B« Fitch (1977), López-González (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001), Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966). Ttmm à Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wıllıg at ll (2000)
3099	194287C9FFBCBA10B5A3F6AEB7C1FB06	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf	hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce	598	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFBCBA10B5A3F6AEB7C1FB06.xml					NA													Family MOLOSSIDAE (FREE-TAILED BATS) • Insectivorous bats, no noseleaf; long narrow wings for fast flight; fairly large, typically conjoined ears; and tail protrudes beyond uropatagium. • 6-26 cm. • Nearctic, Neotropical, Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions. • From deserts through savanna grasslands and forests. es 29 genera, 126 species, 150 taxa. • • 5 species Endangered, 6 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
3937	290787FFFFA41873FE1E94CDED1131CD	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Natalidae_584.pdf.imf	hash://md5/d53eff87ffa41873ffba9505eb7b3516	589	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/29/07/87/290787FFFFA41873FE1E94CDED1131CD.xml					NA													Family NATALIDAE (FUNNEL-EARED BATS) • Very smallto medium-sized bats, with smooth, funnelshaped ears; very small eyes covered by mustache-like facial pelage; long legs and tail enclosed in membrane; broad wings; long, silky, and usually pale hair. • 8-12 cm . • Nearctic and Neotropical Regions. • Tropical zone of the New World from desert through wet forest to mountain areas. • 3 genera, 12 species, 12 taxa. • | species Critically Endangered, 2 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
4907	4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	827	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC.xml					NA													142. Social Sprite Arelulus societatis French: Farfadet des sociétés / German: Soziale Elfenfledermaus / Spanish: Arielulus social Other common names: Benom-gilded Pipistrelle , Social Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , “Base Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3°51'N , 102°11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].” Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic. Distribution Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser’s Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification. Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6—40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M® reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48. Habitat. Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m . Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve. Bibliography. Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008), Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989), Hill (1972, 1983), Hill & Francis (1984), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kingston , Francis et al. (2003), Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006), Lim et al. (2017), Medway (1983), Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015), Simmons (2005).
5027	4C3D87E8FFFB6A44FE46978619FEBFEF	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	716	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFFB6A44FE46978619FEBFEF.xml					NA													Family VESPERTILIONIDAE (VESPER BATS) • Small to medium-sized bats, with stout bodies, short to moderately long rostra, no elaborate nose appendages (except in a few genera), small to big ears, complete uropatagiumstretching to ends or just before ends of long tails, and generally long narrow wings. • 5-22 cm. • Worldwide, except Antarctica . • From arid deserts to temperate and tropical forests. • 54 genera, 496 species, at least 708 extant taxa. • 6 species Critically Endangered, 15 species Endangered, 27 species Vulnerable; 1 species Extinct since 1600.
5225	61143626C159FFE7FC88F09EF9E1FAF2	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Mystacinidae_394.pdf.imf	hash://md5/9d2d4e5ec159ffe7ff80f125ff8dffff	394	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/61/14/36/61143626C159FFE7FC88F09EF9E1FAF2.xml					NA													Family MYSTACINIDAE (NEW ZEALAND SHORT-TAILED BATS) • Medium-sized and tree-roosting, with short, dense, velvety brown fur on body and bare, gray-brown skin on ears, wings, nose, hindlegs, and tail. • 6-9 cm. • Australasian Region (New Zealand). • Mostly interiors of indigenous forests from sea level to high elevations but will cross open grassland and forages in scrub and non-native forest plantations. • 1 genus, 2 species, 4 taxa. • 1 species Critically Endangered, 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
5250	67120269A43AE04DFE8FFE09F853FB77	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Thyropteridae_418.pdf.imf	hash://md5/9b2b7a11a43ae04dffe6ffc7ff89ffd6	418	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/67/12/02/67120269A43AE04DFE8FFE09F853FB77.xml					NA													Family THYROPTERIDAE (DISK-WINGED BATS) • Small insectivorous bats with elongated slender muzzle and funnel-shaped ears and characterized by round or oval adhesive pads or disks on soles of hindfeet and below thumbs. • 6-9 cm. • Neotropical Region. • Lowland tropical forests. • 1 genus, 5 species, 5 taxa. • No species threatened; none Extinct since 1600.
5270	720CC525FFF94548ECA6FE686484FB54	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Cistugidae_710.pdf.imf	hash://md5/8e35bd5dfff94548ed13ff8f634affed	710	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/72/0C/C5/720CC525FFF94548ECA6FE686484FB54.xml					NA													Family CISTUGIDAE (WING-GLAND BATS) • Small, pipistrelle-like bats, with no special nose appendage, rather small ears, elongated tragus, and one or several small, translucent glands on wing membranes. • 7-10 cm. • Afrotropical Region. • Rocky outcrops in arid habitats, grasslands, and shrublands, often close to water. • 1 genus, 2 species, 2 taxa. • No species threatened; none Extinct since 1600.
5398	860EC8445717FFECFF48FE7FBF97FB28	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinopomatidae_164.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7a37b03c5717ffecffb6ffb0b83cffe1	164	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/86/0E/C8/860EC8445717FFECFF48FE7FBF97FB28.xml					NA													Family RHINOPOMATIDAE (MOUSE-TAILED BATS) • Smallto medium-sized insectivorous bats, with reduced tail membrane but free long tail; relatively large auricles, with tragus; and minute noseleaf above fleshy anterior pad of muzzle with dorsally oriented, valvular nostrils. • 10-16 cm. • Palearctic, Afrotropical, and Indo-Malayan regions. • Arid and semiarid habitats, roosting in caves, rocky niches, and man-made structures. • 1 genus, 6 species, 8 taxa. • 1 species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600.
5428	885887A2FFCF8A29FE0BFDEEF5BBDF21	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	260	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFCF8A29FE0BFDEEF5BBDF21.xml					NA													Family RHINOLOPHIDAE (HORSESHOE BATS) • Relatively small to medium-sized insectivorous bats with ornate facial growths including horseshoe-shaped plate between mouth and nares and ears without tragus. • 5-16- 5 cm . • Palearctic, Afrotropical , Indo-Malayan, and Australa­ sian Regions . • Deserts, forests, and mountainous areas, mainly tropi­ cal but extending into temperate regions to c. 52° N . • 1 genus, 109 species, 199 taxa. • 1 species Critically Endangered, 6 species Endangered, 6 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
5697	C13F1641FF8DFFE2FE98FE42F9DF6EC6	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Megadermatidae_182.pdf.imf	hash://md5/3d066e39ff8dffe2ffd7ff8aff916a04	182	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/C1/3F/16/C13F1641FF8DFFE2FE98FE42F9DF6EC6.xml					NA													Family MEGADERMATIDAE (FALSE-VAMPIRES) • Medium to large bats, with long earsjoined above the forehead, large forked tragus, well-developed erect noseleaf, broad wings, large uropatagium, and no external tail. • 5-13 cm . • Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, Australasian, and marginally Palearctic Regions. • Tropical and subtropical rainforests, dry forests, and savannas. • 6 genera, 6 species, 25 taxa. • 1 species Critically Endangered, 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
5922	DA564F57FF8AAC35E25CFE50F84E1CA1	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Craesononycteridae_178.pdf.imf	hash://md5/266f372fff8aac35e341ffe0ffdf183d	178	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/DA/56/4F/DA564F57FF8AAC35E25CFE50F84E1CA1.xml					NA													Family CRASEONYCTERIDAE (HOG-NOSED BAT) • Very small bats, often considered the smallest bat, even mammal, in the world, with hog-like nose; long body hair; very large, pointed-tipped ears; and short tail membrane without bonytail and calcar. • 3.3-5 cm. • Indo-Malayan Region. • Limestone caves in mixed or dry deciduous forests. • 1 genus, 1 species, 1 taxon. • 1 species Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.
6043	E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf	hash://md5/1471ff81ffd6d6580a4affec112f3619	674	zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/E8/48/87/E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE.xml					NA													Family MINIOPTERIDAE (LONG-FINGERED BATS) • Small to medium-sized bats, with simple muzzle and no nasal process or noseleaf, tail completely within uropatagium, and second phalanx of the third finger nearly three times as long as the first, with a characteristically bent appearance. • 9-13 cm. • Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions . • (Cave roosting and all biomes, except deserts. • 1 genus, 38 species, 47 taxa. • 2 species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600.

[jhpoelen]

21 descriptions these were family descriptions. Family descriptions don't have the same structure as species descriptions.

$ cat missing-bat-info-2022-08-23.csv.txt | grep -P "Family\s+[A-Z]+" | wc -l
21

e.g.,

6043,E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE,"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",978-84-16728-19-0,hbmw_9_Miniopteridae_674.pdf.imf,hash://md5/1471ff81ffd6d6580a4affec112f3619,674,zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/E8/48/87/E84887F9FFD6D6580B7BFE2016E532DE.xml,,,,,NA,,,,,,,,,,,,,"Family MINIOPTERIDAE (LONG-FINGERED BATS) • Small to medium-sized bats, with simple muzzle and no nasal process or noseleaf, tail completely within uropatagium, and second phalanx of the third finger nearly three times as long as the first, with a characteristically bent appearance. • 9-13 cm. • Palearctic, Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, and Australasian Regions . • (Cave roosting and all biomes, except deserts. • 1 genus, 38 species, 47 taxa. • 2 species Endangered; none Extinct since 1600."

[jhpoelen]

the other remaining 3 non-families are:

,docId,docOrigin,docISBN,docName,docMasterId,docPageNumber,derivedFrom,name,interpretedGenus,interpretedSpecies,interpretedAuthorityName,interpretedAuthorityYear,commonNames,taxonomy,subspeciesAndDistribution,descriptiveNotes,habitat,foodAndFeeding,breeding,activityPatterns,movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization,statusAndConservation,bibliography,distributionImageURL,verbatimText
930,03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648,"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",978-84-16728-19-0,hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf,hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b,143,zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648.xml,,,,,NA,,,,,,,,,,,,,"150. Island Flying Fox Pleropus hypomelanus French: Roussette hypomélane / German: Inselflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador pequeno Other common names: Small Flying Fox , Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) Taxonomy. Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72. Habitat. Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h. Breeding. Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days. Activity patterns. Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox. Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aziz et al. (2017), Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008), Heaney et al. (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Jones & Kunz (2000), Koopman (1979), Metrione et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b)."
3094,194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240,"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",978-84-16728-19-0,hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf,hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce,625,zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240.xml,,,,,NA,,,,,,,,,,,,,"14. Bonda Mastiff Bat Molossus currentium Fund : Mousse de Banda Gımıııı Bonda-Samtfledermaus Spanish Moloso de Bonds Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat Thxonomy . Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic. Distribution . Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia . Descriptive notes . Head—body 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec Mastifi Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66. Habitat . Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and flooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America. Food and Feeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets. Breeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july. Activity patterns. Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs. Movements, Home range and Soda! organization . Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with Argentine Serotines (Eptesiaısfıııinalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis ( Myotis nigricans ), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida). Status and Conservation . Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,...... Bibliography Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan & Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eısenberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B« Fitch (1977), López-González (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001), Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966). Ttmm à Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wıllıg at ll (2000)"
4907,4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC,"Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",978-84-16728-19-0,hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf,hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32,827,zip:hash://sha256/50e34e1acabeb41f9ab0c5dabfa10baf3190f89e0e29b6eb32d7e1c46fda9b0d!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC.xml,,,,,NA,,,,,,,,,,,,,"142. Social Sprite Arelulus societatis French: Farfadet des sociétés / German: Soziale Elfenfledermaus / Spanish: Arielulus social Other common names: Benom-gilded Pipistrelle , Social Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , “Base Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3°51'N , 102°11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].” Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic. Distribution Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser’s Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification. Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6—40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M® reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48. Habitat. Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m . Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve. Bibliography. Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008), Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989), Hill (1972, 1983), Hill & Francis (1984), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kingston , Francis et al. (2003), Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006), Lim et al. (2017), Medway (1983), Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015), Simmons (2005)."

[jhpoelen]

Appears that remaining species description were not picked up due to variation in OCR-ed text.

For instance Thxonomy was found where Taxonomy was expected in https://github.com/bio-guoda/preston/blob/a6ccfe5f9216a1793bdc02aa890fd85b291e7854/preston-plazi/src/test/resources/bio/guoda/preston/cmd/194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240.xml .

or

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<mods:title>Molossidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<figureCitation box="[148,202,1455,1497]" captionStart="Plate 46: Molossidae" captionStartId="2.[150,180,3328,3353]" captionTargetBox="[11,2775,18,3659]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Blunt-eared Bat (Tomopeas ravus), 2. Lesser Naked Bat (Chewromeles parvidens), 3. Greater Naked Bat (Chewromeles torquatus), 4. Peters’s Little Mastff Bat (Mormopterus jugularis), 5. Reunion Little Masuft Bat (Mormopterus francoismoutoui), 6. Mauritian Little Mastiff Bat (Mormopterus acetabulosus), 7. Sumatran Little Mastift Bat (Mormopterus doriae), 8. Least Little Mastiff Bat (Mormopterus minutus), 9. Kalinowski’s Little Mastiff Bat (Mormopterus kalinowskii), 10. Incan Little Masuft Bat (Mormopterus phrudus), 11. Alvarez’s Mastff Bat (Molossus alvarez), 12. Aztec Mastff Bat (Molossus aztecus), 13. Coiban Mastuff Bat (Molossus cotbensis)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6567832" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6567832/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">14.</figureCitation>
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<vernacularName box="[219,594,1455,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Bonda Mastiff Bat</vernacularName>
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<subSubSection box="[662,1036,1455,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph box="[662,1036,1455,1497]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" box="[662,1036,1455,1497]" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="currentium">
<emphasis box="[662,1036,1455,1497]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Molossus currentium</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[143,208,1516,1535]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Fund</emphasis>
: Mousse de Banda 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[436,522,1516,1535]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Gımıııı</emphasis>
Bonda-Samtfledermaus 
<emphasis bold="true" box="[792,878,1516,1539]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Spanish</emphasis>
Moloso de Bonds
</paragraph>
<paragraph blockId="6.[143,1069,1516,1577]" box="[143,866,1555,1577]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph blockId="6.[754,1349,1629,2057]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[755,903,1629,1662]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Thxonomy</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName authority="Thomas, 1901" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Molossidae" genus="Molossus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="obscuras" subSpecies="cunmtium">Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
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“Goya, Conientcsƒ' 
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.
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<paragraph blockId="6.[754,1349,1629,2057]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic.</paragraph>
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[756,925,1866,1890]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Distribution</emphasis>
. Disjunct in E 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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, 
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, NW 
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, and 
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that is separate from CW 
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, N 
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, E 
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, and 
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; is potentially present in E 
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.
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[143,391,2102,2135]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Descriptive notes</emphasis>
. Head—body 
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, tail 
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, ear 
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, hindfoot 
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, foreann 
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; weight 
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. The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat (
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) and the Aztec Mastifi Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 
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long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,248,2655,2679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Habitat</emphasis>
. Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and flooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 
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in Central America and below 
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in South America.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,409,2773,2806]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Food and Feeding</emphasis>
. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="activity">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,271,2852,2885]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Breeding</emphasis>
. The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in 
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, with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In 
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, pregnant females were caught in july.
</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[141,377,2970,3003]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph lastBlockId="6.[145,256,3207,3236]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,867,3049,3082]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Movements, Home range and Soda! organization</emphasis>
. Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with 
<collectingCountry box="[512,654,3089,3121]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Argentine</collectingCountry>
Serotines (Eptesiaısfıııinalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis (
<taxonomicName box="[1109,1330,3129,3161]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Myotis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="625" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">Myotis nigricans</taxonomicName>
), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="conservation">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,483,3246,3271]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Status and Conservation</emphasis>
. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in 
<collectingCountry box="[725,852,3286,3319]" name="Paraguay" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Paraguay</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry box="[921,1064,3287,3319]" name="Argentina" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Argentina</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<paragraph blockId="6.[1411,2626,2458,3478]" box="[1418,2007,3304,3320]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,......</paragraph>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="625" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="625">
<emphasis bold="true" box="[142,291,3330,3354]" pageId="6" pageNumber="625">Bibliography</emphasis>
Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan &amp; Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eısenberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B« Fitch (1977), López-González (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001), Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966). Ttmm à Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wıllıg at ll (2000)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>

[jhpoelen]

workaround implemented in attempt to catch all.

[jhpoelen]

After adjustments, the information related to the 3 missing species now appear to have been populated:

cat hmw.json | grep -E "03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648|194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240|4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC" | jq .

produces:

{
  "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": "zip:hash://sha256/cd4b8ef4903021c02655553e837cbb5d19e3f27228169bad237a1349505f1932!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648.xml",
  "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml",
  "docId": "03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648",
  "docName": "hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b",
  "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
  "docPageNumber": "143",
  "verbatimText": "150. Island Flying Fox Pleropus hypomelanus French: Roussette hypomélane / German: Inselflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador pequeno Other common names: Small Flying Fox , Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) Taxonomy. Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72. Habitat. Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h. Breeding. Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days. Activity patterns. Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox. Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aziz et al. (2017), Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008), Heaney et al. (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Jones & Kunz (2000), Koopman (1979), Metrione et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b).",
  "taxonomy": "Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized..",
  "commonNames": "Roussette hypomélane @fr | German @en | nselflughund @en | Zorro volador pequeno @es | Small Flying Fox @en | Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) @en",
  "interpretedAuthorityName": "Temminck",
  "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1853",
  "interpretedClass": "Magnoliopsida",
  "interpretedFamily": "Moraceae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Pleropus",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Plantae",
  "interpretedOrder": "Rosales",
  "interpretedPageId": "85",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "143",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Tracheophyta",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "hypomelanus",
  "name": "Pleropus hypomelanus",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo.",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6448899/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "Aimeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Aziz et al. (2017) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Flannery (1995a) | Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008) | Heaney et al. (2016) | Ingle & Heaney (1992) | Jones & Kunz (2000) | Koopman (1979) | Metrione et al. (2008) | Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989) | Simmons (2005) | Thomas (1915b)",
  "foodAndFeeding": "Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h.",
  "breeding": "Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days.",
  "activityPatterns": "Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate.",
  "movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ).",
  "statusAndConservation": "CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox.",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72.",
  "habitat": "Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands."
}
{
  "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": "zip:hash://sha256/cd4b8ef4903021c02655553e837cbb5d19e3f27228169bad237a1349505f1932!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240.xml",
  "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml",
  "docId": "194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240",
  "docName": "hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce",
  "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
  "docPageNumber": "625",
  "verbatimText": "14. Bonda Mastiff Bat Molossus currentium Fund : Mousse de Banda Gımıııı Bonda-Samtfledermaus Spanish Moloso de Bonds Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat Thxonomy . Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic. Distribution . Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia . Descriptive notes . Head—body 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec Mastifi Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66. Habitat . Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and flooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America. Food and Feeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets. Breeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july. Activity patterns. Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs. Movements, Home range and Soda! organization . Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with Argentine Serotines (Eptesiaısfıııinalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis ( Myotis nigricans ), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida). Status and Conservation . Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,...... Bibliography Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan & Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eısenberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B« Fitch (1977), López-González (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001), Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966). Ttmm à Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wıllıg at ll (2000)",
  "taxonomy": "Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic.",
  "interpretedAuthorityName": "Thomas",
  "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1901",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Molossidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Molossus",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera",
  "interpretedPageId": "6",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "625",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "currentium",
  "name": "Molossus currentium",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia .",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6418300/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "Burnett eta! (2001) | Dolan & Caner (1979) | Eger (2008) | Eısenberg (1989) | Gardner eta/ (1970) | Koopman (19823. 1993) | Laval (1977) | Lava B« Fitch (1977) | López-González (( 9981:) | Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001) | Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) | Mora (2016) | Simmons (2005) | Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966) | Ttmm à Laval (1998) | Valdlvleso (1964) | Wıllıg at ll (2000)",
  "foodAndFeeding": "The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets.",
  "breeding": "The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july.",
  "statusAndConservation": "Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,......",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head—body 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec Mastifi Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66.",
  "habitat": "Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and flooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America."
}
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  "docName": "hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf",
  "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions",
  "docMasterId": "hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32",
  "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0",
  "docPageNumber": "827",
  "verbatimText": "142. Social Sprite Arelulus societatis French: Farfadet des sociétés / German: Soziale Elfenfledermaus / Spanish: Arielulus social Other common names: Benom-gilded Pipistrelle , Social Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , “Base Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3°51'N , 102°11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].” Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic. Distribution Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser’s Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification. Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6—40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M® reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48. Habitat. Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m . Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve. Bibliography. Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008), Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989), Hill (1972, 1983), Hill & Francis (1984), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kingston , Francis et al. (2003), Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006), Lim et al. (2017), Medway (1983), Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015), Simmons (2005).",
  "taxonomy": "Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , “Base Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3°51'N , 102°11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].” Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic..",
  "commonNames": "Farfadet des sociétés @fr | Soziale Elfenfledermaus @de | Arielulus social @es | Benom-gilded Pipistrelle @en | Social Pipistrelle @en",
  "interpretedAuthority": "Hill, 1972",
  "interpretedAuthorityName": "Hill",
  "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1972",
  "interpretedClass": "Mammalia",
  "interpretedFamily": "Vespertilionidae",
  "interpretedGenus": "Arelulus",
  "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia",
  "interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera",
  "interpretedPageId": "69",
  "interpretedPageNumber": "827",
  "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata",
  "interpretedRank": "species",
  "interpretedSpecies": "societatis",
  "name": "Arelulus societatis",
  "subspeciesAndDistribution": "Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser’s Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification.",
  "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6398071/files/figure.png",
  "bibliography": "Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008) | Boitani et al. (2006) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Francis (2008a) | Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989) | Hill (1972, 1983) | Hill & Francis (1984) | Hill & Harrison (1987) | Kingston , Francis et al. (2003) | Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006) | Lim et al. (2017) | Medway (1983) | Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015) | Simmons (2005)",
  "foodAndFeeding": "No information.",
  "breeding": "No information.",
  "activityPatterns": "Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream.",
  "movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "No information.",
  "statusAndConservation": "Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve.",
  "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6—40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M® reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48.",
  "habitat": "Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m ."
}

[kephelps]

Of the 3 missing species, 2 are misspelled at the genus-level. Species 1. Genus should be “Pteropus" (rather than Pleropus), also some of the taxonomic data eludes to this being a mulberry species (e.g., Class, Family, Kingdom, Order). Species 3. Genus should be “Arielulus” (rather than Arelulus) Kendra Phelps, PhD Senior Scientist EcoHealth Alliance 520 Eighth Avenue, Ste. 1200 New York, NY 10018 1.212.380.4486 (direct) 1.405.269.6461 (mobile) <>www.ecohealthalliance.org <http://www.ecohealthalliance.org/> EcoHealth Alliance develops science-based solutions to prevent pandemics and promote conservation.

…

On Aug 23, 2022, at 5:44 PM, Jorrit Poelen ***@***.***> wrote: After adjustments, the information related to the 3 missing species now appear to have been populated: cat hmw.json | grep -E "03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648|194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240|4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC" | jq . produces: { "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": "zip:hash://sha256/cd4b8ef4903021c02655553e837cbb5d19e3f27228169bad237a1349505f1932!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648.xml", "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml", "docId": "03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648", "docName": "hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf", "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions", "docMasterId": "hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b", "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0", "docPageNumber": "143", "verbatimText": "150. Island Flying Fox Pleropus hypomelanus French: Roussette hypomélane / German: Inselflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador pequeno Other common names: Small Flying Fox , Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) Taxonomy. Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72. Habitat. Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h. Breeding. Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days. Activity patterns. Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox. Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aziz et al. (2017), Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008), Heaney et al. (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Jones & Kunz (2000), Koopman (1979), Metrione et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b).", "taxonomy": "Pleropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized..", "commonNames": "Roussette hypomélane @fr | German @en | nselflughund @en | Zorro volador pequeno @es | Small Flying Fox @en | Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) @en", "interpretedAuthorityName": "Temminck", "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1853", "interpretedClass": "Magnoliopsida", "interpretedFamily": "Moraceae", "interpretedGenus": "Pleropus", "interpretedKingdom": "Plantae", "interpretedOrder": "Rosales", "interpretedPageId": "85", "interpretedPageNumber": "143", "interpretedPhylum": "Tracheophyta", "interpretedRank": "species", "interpretedSpecies": "hypomelanus", "name": "Pleropus hypomelanus", "subspeciesAndDistribution": "P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo.", "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6448899/files/figure.png", "bibliography": "Aimeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Aziz et al. (2017) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Flannery (1995a) | Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008) | Heaney et al. (2016) | Ingle & Heaney (1992) | Jones & Kunz (2000) | Koopman (1979) | Metrione et al. (2008) | Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989) | Simmons (2005) | Thomas (1915b)", "foodAndFeeding": "Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h.", "breeding": "Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days.", "activityPatterns": "Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate.", "movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ).", "statusAndConservation": "CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox.", "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72.", "habitat": "Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands." } { "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": "zip:hash://sha256/cd4b8ef4903021c02655553e837cbb5d19e3f27228169bad237a1349505f1932!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240.xml", "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml", "docId": "194287C9FFBABA16B486F2CFB08FF240", "docName": "hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf", "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions", "docMasterId": "hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce", "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0", "docPageNumber": "625", "verbatimText": "14. Bonda Mastiff Bat Molossus currentium Fund : Mousse de Banda Gımıııı Bonda-Samtfledermaus Spanish Moloso de Bonds Other common namas Thomass Free-ta ed Bat. Thomass Mast If Bat Thxonomy . Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic. Distribution . Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia . Descriptive notes . Head—body 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec Mastifi Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66. Habitat . Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and flooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America. Food and Feeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets. Breeding . The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july. Activity patterns. Bonda Mastiff Bats roost in caves, hollow tree trunks, cracks in rocks and buildings, and thatch roofs. Movements, Home range and Soda! organization . Colonies of Bonda Mastiff Bats were found roosting with Argentine Serotines (Eptesiaısfıııinalis), long-tongued bats (Ghmophagu spp.), Sinaloan Mastiff Bats, Common Black Myotis ( Myotis nigricans ), Lesser Bulldog Bats (Nocliltb albiventnk), and Blaclt-winged Little Yellow Bats (Rhogmsa tumida). Status and Conservation . Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,...... Bibliography Burnett eta! (2001) Dolan & Caner (1979). Eger (2008) Eısenberg (1989), Gardner eta/ (1970). Koopman (19823. 1993). Laval (1977), Lava B« Fitch (1977), López-González (( 9981:), Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001), Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) Mora (2016), Simmons (2005). Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966). Ttmm à Laval (1998). Valdlvleso (1964). Wıllıg at ll (2000)", "taxonomy": "Molossus obscuras cunmtíum Thomas, 1901 , “Goya, Conientcsƒ' Argentina . Molassus bondae was recently synonymized under M. cımmtium due to morphological similarities. Monotypic.", "interpretedAuthorityName": "Thomas", "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1901", "interpretedClass": "Mammalia", "interpretedFamily": "Molossidae", "interpretedGenus": "Molossus", "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia", "interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera", "interpretedPageId": "6", "interpretedPageNumber": "625", "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata", "interpretedRank": "species", "interpretedSpecies": "currentium", "name": "Molossus currentium", "subspeciesAndDistribution": "Disjunct in E Honduras , Nicaragua , Costa Rica , Panama , Colombia , NW Venezuela , and Ecuador that is separate from CW Brazil , N Paraguay , E Argentina , and Uruguay ; is potentially present in E Bolivia .", "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6418300/files/figure.png", "bibliography": "Burnett eta! (2001) | Dolan & Caner (1979) | Eger (2008) | Eısenberg (1989) | Gardner eta/ (1970) | Koopman (19823. 1993) | Laval (1977) | Lava B« Fitch (1977) | López-González (( 9981:) | Lopez-Gonzalez G« Presley (2001) | Loureıro. Gregonn à Penn: (Z018) | Mora (2016) | Simmons (2005) | Tamsrtt åıvaldıvıeso (1966) | Ttmm à Laval (1998) | Valdlvleso (1964) | Wıllıg at ll (2000)", "foodAndFeeding": "The Bonda Mastiff Bat is an aerial insecüvore that mostly eat: moths but aim beetle: and other insets.", "breeding": "The Bonda Mastiff Bat usually gives birth to one young, and polyestry has been reported in Costa Rica , with pregnant females caught injanuary-Augtrst. In Nicaragua , pregnant females were caught in july.", "statusAndConservation": "Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRød List. The Bonda Mastiff Bat is found in protected areas in Paraguay and Argentina . ..„,.... „,..„ ..., w.w,......, ...a ..-....,,......", "descriptiveNotes": "Head—body 66-80 mm , tail 34-44 mm , ear 13-16 mm , hindfoot 9-13 mm , foreann 38-43 mm ; weight 10-21 g . The Bonda Mastiff Bat medium-sized and smaller than the Sinaloan Mastiff Bat (M. sinaloa) and Alvarez's Mastiff Bat (M. alvafw) but larger than Pallas’s Mastiff Bat ( M. molossus ) and the Aztec Mastifi Bat (M. aztecas). The Bonda Mastiff Bat has dark to medium brown dorsal hair, with narrow pale band at base that covers one-quarter to one-half the hair length. Reddish orange dorsal pelage also occurs in some populations. Dorsal fur is 2- 2 - 5 mm long. Venter is slightly paler than dorsurn. Membranes, face, muzzle, and ears are of similar color as fur. Ears are rounded and arise from same point on forehead. Tragus is small, and antitragus is constricted at its base. Upper lip and snout are smooth and lack any medial ridge. Skull has globose braincase, quadrangular occipital region, and infraorbital foramen opening laterally in frontal view. Basioccipital pits are moderately deep. I* spatulated or slightly elongated, with parallel or convergent tips. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 66.", "habitat": "Savannas, palm forests, seasonally wet and flooded forests, subtropical moist lowlands, tropical rainforests, and pastures from lowlands to elevations of 1060 m in Central America and below 600 m in South America." } { "http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom": "zip:hash://sha256/cd4b8ef4903021c02655553e837cbb5d19e3f27228169bad237a1349505f1932!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC.xml", "http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type": "application/plazi+xml", "docId": "4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC", "docName": "hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf", "docOrigin": "Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions", "docMasterId": "hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32", "docISBN": "978-84-16728-19-0", "docPageNumber": "827", "verbatimText": "142. Social Sprite Arelulus societatis French: Farfadet des sociétés / German: Soziale Elfenfledermaus / Spanish: Arielulus social Other common names: Benom-gilded Pipistrelle , Social Pipistrelle Taxonomy. Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , “Base Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3°51'N , 102°11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].” Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic. Distribution Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser’s Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification. Descriptive notes. Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6—40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M® reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48. Habitat. Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m . Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve. Bibliography. Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008), Boitani et al. (2006), Corbet & Hill (1992), Francis (2008a), Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989), Hill (1972, 1983), Hill & Francis (1984), Hill & Harrison (1987), Kingston , Francis et al. (2003), Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006), Lim et al. (2017), Medway (1983), Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015), Simmons (2005).", "taxonomy": "Pipistrellus societatis Hill, 1972 , Malaysia , “Base Camp, Gunong Benom, Pahang , Malaya [= Malaysia ], 3°51'N , 102°11'E , 800 ft. [= 244 m ].” Previously considered merely a lowland form of A. circumdatus , but this opinion was rejected on the basis of morphological characteristics. Monotypic..", "commonNames": "Farfadet des sociétés @fr | Soziale Elfenfledermaus @de | Arielulus social @es | Benom-gilded Pipistrelle @en | Social Pipistrelle @en", "interpretedAuthority": "Hill, 1972", "interpretedAuthorityName": "Hill", "interpretedAuthorityYear": "1972", "interpretedClass": "Mammalia", "interpretedFamily": "Vespertilionidae", "interpretedGenus": "Arelulus", "interpretedKingdom": "Animalia", "interpretedOrder": "Chiroptera", "interpretedPageId": "69", "interpretedPageNumber": "827", "interpretedPhylum": "Chordata", "interpretedRank": "species", "interpretedSpecies": "societatis", "name": "Arelulus societatis", "subspeciesAndDistribution": "Known only from Peninsular Malaysia , including Selangor (Ulu Gombak) and Pahang (Sungai Tekam Forest Reserve, Gunung Benom, and Krau Wildlife Reserve) provinces. Also listed from Fraser’s Hill Forest Reserve, Pahang ; but this record needs verification.", "distributionImageURL": "https://zenodo.org/record/6398071/files/figure.png", "bibliography": "Bates, Francis & Csorba (2008) | Boitani et al. (2006) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Francis (2008a) | Heller & Volleth (1984, 1989) | Hill (1972, 1983) | Hill & Francis (1984) | Hill & Harrison (1987) | Kingston , Francis et al. (2003) | Kingston , Lim & Zubaid (2006) | Lim et al. (2017) | Medway (1983) | Mohd-Hanif et a/.(2015) | Simmons (2005)", "foodAndFeeding": "No information.", "breeding": "No information.", "activityPatterns": "Nocturnal. It was mist-netted above small ford on a tributary of the Gombak River . In Selangor , found roosting in a tree-trunk hole beside a forest stream.", "movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization": "No information.", "statusAndConservation": "Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List because its extent of occurrence is less than 20,000 km ?, its range is fragmented across forest patches, and there is continuing decline in the extent and quality of its habitat due to rapid deforestation. It occurs in Krau Wildlife Reserve.", "descriptiveNotes": "Head-body 41-44 mm, tail 33-37 mm, ear 8-5-9 mm, forearm 36-6—40-6 mm; weight 4-3-8-5 g. The Social Sprite closely resembles the Bronze Sprite ( A. circumdatus ), but with smaller forearms, post-palatal extension, tooth row, and rostrum. Dorsal pelage is blackish brown with orange or bronze tipping (hairs basally brown, blackish brown for most of length, and tipped orange or bronze); crown pelage is orange-tipped but with a small area of straw-color; underparts are dark brown, tipped grayish white. Ears are large and bluntly rounded, with posteriorly directed basal lobe; tragus is large, and ears have yellowish-white rims, as in congeners. Wings are uniformly black. Baculum is Y-shaped with paired basal lobes and short shaft. Skull is short and wide, with rounded, rather globular braincase, inflated and elevated in frontal region; interorbital region wide; supraorbital region crests only faintly defined, terminating in small tubercles; rostrum is shorter, and narrower than in the Bronze Sprite, with more inflated braincase. Dentition is similar to that of the Bronze Sprite, less massive, with M® reduced, and posterior cusp virtually absent. Condylo-basal lengths are 13-9-14-8 mm; maxillary tooth row lengths are 5-2-5-6 mm. Chromosomal complement has 2n= 50 and FN= 48.", "habitat": "Recorded in primary lowland and hill forests, and secondary forests. The type specimen was found near a stream at 266 m ." } — Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub <https://www.google.com/url?q=https://github.com/jhpoelen/hmw/issues/8%23issuecomment-1224918009&source=gmail-imap&ust=1661895880000000&usg=AOvVaw3eggxcFr2gxjHjrQj8van_>, or unsubscribe <https://www.google.com/url?q=https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AC6HRKO6INZWD5ST5BDGCPTV2VA4DANCNFSM57MWTHDA&source=gmail-imap&ust=1661895880000000&usg=AOvVaw2sUe6lyY_2zIbaqAvV1tYv>. You are receiving this because you are subscribed to this thread.

[jhpoelen]

@flsimoes Kendra found some possible OCR related misspellings.

re: 03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648 (aka species 1)
Kendra said:

Genus should be “Pteropus" (rather than Pleropus), also some of the taxonomic data eludes to this being a mulberry species (e.g., Class, Family, Kingdom, Order).

re: 4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC (aka species 3)
Kendra said:

Genus should be “Arielulus” (rather than Arelulus)

What is your process for addressing these kinds of issues?

Also, how do you prefer to be notified of this kinds of things?

[flsimoes]

@jhpoelen I'll check them out

What is your process for addressing these kinds of issues?

Nothing out of the ordinary. We open the document with the issue you pointed out, look for the error and fix it.
Not enough manpower to look for more errors constantly, and some errors are too specific, so it is better to be reactive.

Also, how do you prefer to be notified of this kinds of things?

Just tag me on the github issue and I get an email notificiation. I check it very frequently
If there's some urgency you can always ping me on Slack.

[flsimoes]

re: 03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648 (aka species 1) Kendra said:

Genus should be “Pteropus" (rather than Pleropus), also some of the taxonomic data eludes to this being a mulberry species (e.g., Class, Family, Kingdom, Order).

re: 4C3D87E8FFBE6A01FA8B933A1835B7FC (aka species 3) Kendra said:

Genus should be “Arielulus” (rather than Arelulus)

@jhpoelen @kephelps fixed, both were caused by OCR misreads, and their downstream effects